Chapter 18:Endocrine System Flashcards
Specific cells that have the receptors need to bind and read the hormonal message when it arrives.
Target cells
Process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.
Down Regulation
Process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors.
Up Regulation
Three groups of hormones are ______ _______ _______
amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives
Amino acid derivatives are synthesized from ______ and _______.
Tyrosine and Tryptophan
Thyroid hormones, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamiine are made from ________.
Tyrosine
Melatonin is made from ________.
Tryptophan
2 classes of lipid derivatives are _____ and _______
Eicosanoids and Steroid Hormones
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins are _________.
Eicosanoids
Located in brain just below thalamus.
Controls autonomic nervous system and regulates homeostasis.(thirst, hunger, sexual behavior, fear, anger, temperature)
Hypothalamus
Secretes 9 different hormones.
Produces ADH, oxytoxin, and regulatory hormones
Hypothalamus
Connected to the hypothalamus and composed of two parts. (anterior and posterior)
Pituitary Gland
Secretes 7 hormones;prl, msh, hgh, tsh, fsh, lh, and acth.
Anterior Pituitary Gland
7 hormones produced by anterior pituitary
Prolactin, Melanocyte stimulating hormone, Human growth hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Adrenocotropin hormone.
Does not produce own hormones. The two hormones (oxtoxin and Antidiuertic hormone) are produced in hypothalamus but stored and secreted here.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Located in the diencephalon and produces melatonin.
Pineal Gland
Located in the throat,in front of larynx. Contains thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
Thyroid Gland
Contains follicle cells and thyroglobin.
Increases metabolic rate, produces sodium and potassium, and involved in growth and development.
Thyroxine and T3
Contains C cells and regulates calcium levels in blood.
Calcitonin
Four pea sized glands located on posterior surface of thyroid.
Parathyroid glands
Increases blood calcium.
Releases blood Ca from bone.
Increases Ca absorption in kidneys.
Promotes release of calcitrol.
Parathyroid hormmones
Located in throat, just below larynx.
Contains thymoxins.
Shrinks with age.
Thymus Gland
Located above each kidney.
Composed of 2 parts, cortex and medulla.
Adrenal Gland
Contains steroid hormones,mineralcorticoids and glucorcortisoids, and sex hormones.
Adrenal cortex
Steroid hormone responsible for water and salt balance.
Mineralcortisoids.
Steroid hormone responsible for stress hormones
Glucocortisoids
Contains epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Involved in fight or flight.
Mobilization of glucose for ATP production.
Adrenal Medulla
Located behind stomach.
Has endocrine and exocrine functions.
Contains glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic peptides.
Pancreas
Increases blood sugar levels(alpha cells).In pancreas
Glucagon
Stimulate cells to take up glucose(beta cells)
Insulin
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone(delta cells)
somatostatin
Regulates pancreatic secretions( F cells)
Pancreatic Peptide
Produce sex hormones, production of gametes.
Ovaries for females testes for males.
Gonads
Gap junctions:
Coordinate ciliary movement among _______ cells.
Coordinate the contractions of _______ muscle cells.
Facilitate the propagation _____ ________ of from one neuron to the next at electrical synapses.
epithelial
cardiac
action potentials
Important second messengers include ________, _______, and ______ ____.
cyclic-AMP (cAMP)
cyclic-GMP (cGMP)
calcium ions
The process that magnifies the effect of a hormone on the target cell.
Amplification
Steps involved in increasing CAMP levels include:
The activated __ _______ activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase converts ___ to cAMP.
cAMP activates ______ which phosphorylates proteins.
The phosphorylation will either _______ the protein or open ___ channels
G protein ATP kinase activate ion
The increase in cAMP levels is usually short lived because the cytoplasm contains ____, which inactivates cAMP by converting it to ___ .
phophodiesterase (PDE)
AMP
________ act on nearby cells.
________ act on same cell the secreted them.
Paracrines
Autocrines
Circulating hormones are inactivated by the _____ and secreted by the _______.
liver
kidneys
Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide are ______ soluble.
Amine, peptide, protein, and eicosanoid hormones are ______ soluble.
Lipid
Water
Corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to secrete _______________ hormone.
_______________ hormone then stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus promotes pituitary’s secretion of __________ stimulating hormone.
__________ stimulating hormone then stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm in males.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus promotes pituitary’s secretion of _________ hormone.
__________ hormone causes ovulation and progestin production in females, and androgen in males.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL) from the pituitary, with other hormones, stimulates development of _______ glands and milk production.
mammary
Human growth hormone (HGH) causes release of IGFs from ____ cells, which then stimulates cell growth and stimulates ____ cells to release glucose into blood.
liver
Hypoglycemia causes hypothalamus to release ____.
GHRH
ADH decreases the amount of ______ lost at the kidneys and can elevate blood pressure by causing vessels to constrict..
water
The adrenal ______ produces corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and cortisol.
cortex
The adrenal _______ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
medulla
Osmoreceptors tend to stimulate neurons that release ___.
ADH
A drop in Na+ or rise in K+ content would cause a release of _______.
aldosterone
Melatonin:
inhibits _________ functions
protects against damage by free _______
helps set _______ rhythms.
reproductive
radicals
circadian
The pancreas produces glucagon, _______, and PP from alpha cells, beta cells and F cells.
insulin
The _______ release calciitriol, erythropoietin, and renin
kidneys
_______ which is important for calcium ions, is secreted by kidneys in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
__________ is a peptide hormone released by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels in kidneys. It increases RBCs.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Renin is released by kidneys in response to _________ stimulation or a decline in renal _____flow.
sympathetic
blood
Renin converts angiotensin to I and then II.
Angiotensin II stimuates secretion of aldosterone by adrenal _____ and ADH by _______ pituitary.
The combination restricts ____ and water losses by the kidneys.
cortex, posterior
salt
Angiotensin II stimulates ______ and elevates blood pressure.
thirst
If blood _______ becomes too great in the heart, the cells are stretched and secrete natriuretic _______.
Natiruretic peptides promote loss of Na+ and _____ by kidneys, and inhibit release of renin, ADH, and aldosterone.
Net result is reduction of ______ volume and pressure.
volume, peptides
water
blood
Inhibin is secreted by _____ or ovaries under stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone.
testes
_______ tissue produces a peptide hormone called leptin.
Adipose
PTH and calcitonin, or insulin and and glucagon have opposing or _________ effects.
ANTAGONISTIC
The glucose-sparing action of HGH and glucocortcoids is an example of a ________ effect, which is when 2 hormones have an additive effect.
synergistic
Epinephrine does not change energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are also present is an example of a _________ effect. Which is when one hormone needs another to have an effect.
permissive
GHRH and GHIH are regulated by blood _______ level.
Glucose
