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A&P2 > Chapter 18:Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18:Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Specific cells that have the receptors need to bind and read the hormonal message when it arrives.

A

Target cells

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2
Q

Process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors.

A

Down Regulation

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3
Q

Process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors.

A

Up Regulation

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4
Q

Three groups of hormones are ______ _______ _______

A

amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives

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5
Q

Amino acid derivatives are synthesized from ______ and _______.

A

Tyrosine and Tryptophan

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6
Q

Thyroid hormones, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamiine are made from ________.

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

Melatonin is made from ________.

A

Tryptophan

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8
Q

2 classes of lipid derivatives are _____ and _______

A

Eicosanoids and Steroid Hormones

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9
Q

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins are _________.

A

Eicosanoids

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10
Q

Located in brain just below thalamus.

Controls autonomic nervous system and regulates homeostasis.(thirst, hunger, sexual behavior, fear, anger, temperature)

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Secretes 9 different hormones.

Produces ADH, oxytoxin, and regulatory hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Connected to the hypothalamus and composed of two parts. (anterior and posterior)

A

Pituitary Gland

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13
Q

Secretes 7 hormones;prl, msh, hgh, tsh, fsh, lh, and acth.

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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14
Q

7 hormones produced by anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin, Melanocyte stimulating hormone, Human growth hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Adrenocotropin hormone.

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15
Q

Does not produce own hormones. The two hormones (oxtoxin and Antidiuertic hormone) are produced in hypothalamus but stored and secreted here.

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

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16
Q

Located in the diencephalon and produces melatonin.

A

Pineal Gland

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17
Q

Located in the throat,in front of larynx. Contains thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

A

Thyroid Gland

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18
Q

Contains follicle cells and thyroglobin.

Increases metabolic rate, produces sodium and potassium, and involved in growth and development.

A

Thyroxine and T3

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19
Q

Contains C cells and regulates calcium levels in blood.

A

Calcitonin

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20
Q

Four pea sized glands located on posterior surface of thyroid.

A

Parathyroid glands

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21
Q

Increases blood calcium.
Releases blood Ca from bone.
Increases Ca absorption in kidneys.
Promotes release of calcitrol.

A

Parathyroid hormmones

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22
Q

Located in throat, just below larynx.
Contains thymoxins.
Shrinks with age.

A

Thymus Gland

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23
Q

Located above each kidney.

Composed of 2 parts, cortex and medulla.

A

Adrenal Gland

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24
Q

Contains steroid hormones,mineralcorticoids and glucorcortisoids, and sex hormones.

A

Adrenal cortex

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25
Q

Steroid hormone responsible for water and salt balance.

A

Mineralcortisoids.

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26
Q

Steroid hormone responsible for stress hormones

A

Glucocortisoids

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27
Q

Contains epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Involved in fight or flight.
Mobilization of glucose for ATP production.

A

Adrenal Medulla

28
Q

Located behind stomach.
Has endocrine and exocrine functions.
Contains glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic peptides.

A

Pancreas

29
Q

Increases blood sugar levels(alpha cells).In pancreas

A

Glucagon

30
Q

Stimulate cells to take up glucose(beta cells)

A

Insulin

31
Q

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone(delta cells)

A

somatostatin

32
Q

Regulates pancreatic secretions( F cells)

A

Pancreatic Peptide

33
Q

Produce sex hormones, production of gametes.

Ovaries for females testes for males.

A

Gonads

34
Q

Gap junctions:

Coordinate ciliary movement among _______ cells.
Coordinate the contractions of _______ muscle cells.
Facilitate the propagation _____ ________ of from one neuron to the next at electrical synapses.

A

epithelial
cardiac
action potentials

35
Q

Important second messengers include ________, _______, and ______ ____.

A

cyclic-AMP (cAMP)
cyclic-GMP (cGMP)
calcium ions

36
Q

The process that magnifies the effect of a hormone on the target cell.

A

Amplification

37
Q

Steps involved in increasing CAMP levels include:
The activated __ _______ activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase converts ___ to cAMP.
cAMP activates ______ which phosphorylates proteins.
The phosphorylation will either _______ the protein or open ___ channels

A 
G protein
ATP
kinase 
activate 
ion
38
Q

The increase in cAMP levels is usually short lived because the cytoplasm contains ____, which inactivates cAMP by converting it to ___ .

A

phophodiesterase (PDE)

AMP

39
Q

________ act on nearby cells.

________ act on same cell the secreted them.

A

Paracrines

Autocrines

40
Q

Circulating hormones are inactivated by the _____ and secreted by the _______.

A

liver

kidneys

41
Q

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide are ______ soluble.
Amine, peptide, protein, and eicosanoid hormones are ______ soluble.

A

Lipid

Water

42
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary to secrete _______________ hormone.
_______________ hormone then stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

43
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus promotes pituitary’s secretion of __________ stimulating hormone.
__________ stimulating hormone then stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm in males.

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

44
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus promotes pituitary’s secretion of _________ hormone.
__________ hormone causes ovulation and progestin production in females, and androgen in males.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

45
Q

Prolactin (PRL) from the pituitary, with other hormones, stimulates development of _______ glands and milk production.

A

mammary

46
Q

Human growth hormone (HGH) causes release of IGFs from ____ cells, which then stimulates cell growth and stimulates ____ cells to release glucose into blood.

A

liver

47
Q

Hypoglycemia causes hypothalamus to release ____.

A

GHRH

48
Q

ADH decreases the amount of ______ lost at the kidneys and can elevate blood pressure by causing vessels to constrict..

A

water

49
Q

The adrenal ______ produces corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and cortisol.

A

cortex

50
Q

The adrenal _______ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A

medulla

51
Q

Osmoreceptors tend to stimulate neurons that release ___.

A

ADH

52
Q

A drop in Na+ or rise in K+ content would cause a release of _______.

A

aldosterone

53
Q

Melatonin:
inhibits _________ functions
protects against damage by free _______
helps set _______ rhythms.

A

reproductive
radicals
circadian

54
Q

The pancreas produces glucagon, _______, and PP from alpha cells, beta cells and F cells.

A

insulin

55
Q

The _______ release calciitriol, erythropoietin, and renin

A

kidneys

56
Q

_______ which is important for calcium ions, is secreted by kidneys in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Calcitriol

57
Q

__________ is a peptide hormone released by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels in kidneys. It increases RBCs.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

58
Q

Renin is released by kidneys in response to _________ stimulation or a decline in renal _____flow.

A

sympathetic

blood

59
Q

Renin converts angiotensin to I and then II.
Angiotensin II stimuates secretion of aldosterone by adrenal _____ and ADH by _______ pituitary.
The combination restricts ____ and water losses by the kidneys.

A

cortex, posterior

salt

60
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates ______ and elevates blood pressure.

A

thirst

61
Q

If blood _______ becomes too great in the heart, the cells are stretched and secrete natriuretic _______.
Natiruretic peptides promote loss of Na+ and _____ by kidneys, and inhibit release of renin, ADH, and aldosterone.
Net result is reduction of ______ volume and pressure.

A

volume, peptides
water
blood

62
Q

Inhibin is secreted by _____ or ovaries under stimulation of follicle-stimulating hormone.

A

testes

63
Q

_______ tissue produces a peptide hormone called leptin.

A

Adipose

64
Q

PTH and calcitonin, or insulin and and glucagon have opposing or _________ effects.

A

ANTAGONISTIC

65
Q

The glucose-sparing action of HGH and glucocortcoids is an example of a ________ effect, which is when 2 hormones have an additive effect.

A

synergistic

66
Q

Epinephrine does not change energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are also present is an example of a _________ effect. Which is when one hormone needs another to have an effect.

A

permissive

67
Q

GHRH and GHIH are regulated by blood _______ level.

A

Glucose

A&P2 (13 decks)

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