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a&p2 > Chapter 22: Immunity and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Immunity and Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid that is of the same composition as interstitual fluid.

Formed by capillary filtration.

A

Lymph

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels that resemble veins, but have _______ walls and _____ valves.

A

Thinner, more

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3
Q

Lymphatic _________ are located all throughout the body except avasucular tissue.
Its structure permits the fluid to enter, but not leave.

A

capillaries

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4
Q

Lymphatic capillaries associated with the small intestine are called ________.

A

Lacteals

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5
Q

Lymph _____ filter lymph and contains macrophages and lymphocytes.

A

nodes

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6
Q

Lymph nodes enter through _______ capillaries and exit through ______ vessels.

A

afferent, efferent

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7
Q

Vessels leaving chain of nodes unite to form a lymphatic ________.

A

trunk

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8
Q

Maturation site for T-cells.
Produces hormones necessary for production of
lymphocytes.
Primary lymphatic organ.

A

Thymus

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9
Q

Largest mass of lymphatic tissue, contains white pulp and red pulp.

A

Spleen

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10
Q

Lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule and is associated with mucosal membranes are lymph _______.

A

nodules

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, and NK cells

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12
Q

Type of lymphocyte that is thymus dependent and is the most common.

A

T-cells

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13
Q

Type of lymphocyte that is bone-marrow derived, differentiate into plasma cells, and produce antibodies.

A

B-Cells

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14
Q

Type of lymphocyte that are large granular cells that attack foreign cells.

A

NK cells

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15
Q

First line of defense for innate (nonspecific) response.
(perspiration, saliva, gastric juice} include:

Mechanical and ________ barriers.
__________ and muscosal membranes.
_____ secretions.

A

Mechanical & chemical barriers.
Epidermis & mucosal membranes.
Body secretions.

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16
Q

Structure of lymph nodes include (5):

A

Capsule, trabeculae, suscapular space, cortex, and medulla

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17
Q

Phagocytes, NK cells, interferons, complement system, inflammation, and fever are part of what line of defense?

A

Second line of defense

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18
Q

4 steps for phagocytes to eat cells.

A

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion & killing

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19
Q

Helps trigger neighboring cells to increase security.

A

Interferons

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20
Q

The attraction of phagocytic cells to the source of abnormal chemicals in tissue fluids.

A

Chemotaxis

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21
Q

Cytokines that produce antiviral proteins and stimulate NK cells and macrophage activity.

A

Interferons

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22
Q

A series of proteins always there waiting to help antibodies.

A

Complement system

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23
Q

Defense response to cellular/tissue damage.

A

Inflammation

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24
Q

First stage of Inflammatory response? Includes redness and swelling.

A

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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25
Q

Histamines, heparin, and prostaglandins are part of the first stage of ____________.

A

First stage of inflammation

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26
Q

Second stage of inflammatory response includes emigration of _________.

A

Emigration of phagocytes

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27
Q

Collection of dead neutrophils and monocytes from the second stage cause what?

A

Pus

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28
Q

Third stage of inflammatory response includes _______ repair and formation of scar tissue by __________.

A

Tissue, fibroblasts

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29
Q

Elevated body temperature that intensifies action of interferons. Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat.(pyrogens)

A

Fever

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30
Q

The constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells is ____________ surveillance.

A

Immunological surveillance.

31
Q

Ability of the body to defend itself against a specific foreign invader. Requires exposure to antigens.

A

Specific responce: adaptive immunity

32
Q

What brings about cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-cells

33
Q

What provides antibody-mediated immunity?

A

B-cells

34
Q

Defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells.

A

Cell-mediated immunity

35
Q

Defends against anitgens and pathogens in body fluids.

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

36
Q

T-cells that stimulate the response of both T-cells and B-cells.(coordinators)

A

Helper T-cells`

37
Q

T-cells that enter peripheral tissues and directly attack antigens physically and chemically.

A

Cytotoxic T-cells

38
Q

T-cells that respond to antigens they have already encountered by cloning more lymphocytes to ward off the invader.

A

Memory T-cells

39
Q

What must happen before an immune response can begin?

T-cells must be activated by exposure to an _______.

A

T-cells must be activated by exposure to an antigen.

40
Q

Antigens must be combined with cell proteins to be recognized by _-cells.

A

T-cells

41
Q

Glycoproteins on cell surface are ___ proteins.

A

MHC proteins

42
Q

These are in all nucleated cells.
Pick up small peptides from the surrounding cytoplasm and carry them to the cell surface:

Class _ MHC proteins

A

Class I MHC proteins

43
Q

Present only in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes:

Class _ MHC proteins

A

Class II MHC proteins

44
Q

Cluster of differentiation

A

CD cells

45
Q

All _-cells have a CD3 receptor complex.

A

T-cells

46
Q

___ markers are found in cytotoxic T-cells and respond to antigens presented by class I MHC proteins.

A

CD8

47
Q

___ markers are found on helper T-cells and respond to antigens presented by class II MHC proteins.

A

CD4

48
Q

The process of T-cells binding to the stimulating cell at a second site and confirming the initial activation signal.

A

Costimulation

49
Q

Forms when an antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecule.

A

Antigen-antibody comples

50
Q

7 ways the formation of an antigen-antibody complex may cause the elimination of the antigen:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Precipitation and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Activation of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ system.
Attraction of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Opsonizaton
Stimulation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of adhesion.
A 
Neutralization
Agglutination
Complement system
Phagocytes
Opsonization
Inflammation
Prevention
51
Q

Lymph ducts return lymph to blood at ____ ____.

A

vena cava

52
Q

2 T-cells known as regulatory T-cells.

A

Helper T-cells and suppressor T-cells

53
Q

As they mature B-cells and __ cells enter bloodstream and migate to peripheral tissues.

A

NK

54
Q

Most mature B-cells move into lymph _____, the _______, and other lyphid tissues.

A

nodes, spleen

55
Q

___ cells patrol the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells.

A

Nk

56
Q

The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a collection of lymphoid tissue that protect the _________ of the digestive, _________, urinary, and ____________ systems.

A

epithelia
respiratory
reproductive

57
Q

Examples of MALT are the appendix and _______.

A

tonsils

58
Q

T-cells in the cortex of the thymic _______are actively dividing.
As they mature the migrate into the _______.

A

lobule

medulla

59
Q

Functions of the spleen include:

Removing ________ cells and other blood components by phagocytosis.
Storing _____ recycled from RBCs.
Initiating immune responses from B-cells and T-cells in response to _______ in circulating blood.

A

abnormal
iron
antigens

60
Q

Outer cortex of lymph nodes include masses of B-cells called lymphatic _______.

A

nodules

61
Q

B-cells can proliferate and become _______producing cells or memory B-cells.
This happens in the _____ cortex of lymph nodes.

A

antibody

outer

62
Q

The inner cortex of lymph nodes is where _-cells can proliferate and leave lymph nodes.

A

T-cells

63
Q

The _______ of lymph nodes includes a mass of B-cells from outer corex and can produce and release antibodies.

A

medulla

64
Q

________ defenses do not distinguiush one type of threat from another.
They are present at birth.

A

Innate (non-specific) Defense

65
Q

Class of phagocytic cells that include neutrophils and eosinophils that normally circulate the blood.
They leave the bloodstream and enter peripheral tissues that are injured or infected.

A

Microphages

66
Q

Class of phagocytic cells that have fixed and free types.

A

Macrophages

67
Q

NK cells detect cells containing abnormal antigens.

They do this by realigning their golgi apparatus with the target cell and releases _______ which disintegrates the cell.

A

perforin

68
Q

Type of adaptive immunity that develops after an exposure to an antigen.
The body then makes its own anitbody for that antigen.
Example: Vaccines

A

Active Immunity

69
Q

Type of adaptive immunity that is produced by transferring antibodies from another source.
Example: Baby receiving antibodies from mother or getting a shot of antibodies after being bit by rabies animal.

A

Passive Immunity

70
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells enter peripheral tissues and directly attack antigens physically and __________.

A

chemically

71
Q

_______ T-cells respond to antigens they have already encountered by cloning more lymphocytes to ward off invade.

A

Memory

72
Q

Helper T-cells stimulate the responces of both T-cells and _-cells.

A

B

73
Q

_________ T-cells inhibit T-cell and B-cell activities and moderate the immune respance

A

Suppressor

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