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A&P 2 lecture > chapter 27 > Flashcards

chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

fluid

  • definition
  • 2 types
A
  • water
    1. extracellular fluid
      1. intracellular fluid
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2
Q

extracellular fluid

A

blood plasma, interstitial fluid, other

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3
Q

intracellular fluid

A

cytosol (within cells)

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4
Q

eletrolyte

  • definition
  • most important
A

inorganic compounds that dissociate in solution to form ions

-sodium

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5
Q

electrolyte: sodium
- most abundant where
- function

A
  • in the CSF

- main contributor to osmolarity of blood

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6
Q

2 factors that must be controlled

A
  1. fluid balance

2. electrolyte balance

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7
Q

fluid balance

  • water gained=
  • normal blood vol
A
  • water lost

- ~5 L

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8
Q

electrolyte balance

  • electrolytes in =
  • normal blood osmolarity
A
  • electrolytes out

- 300 mOsm/L

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9
Q

how do you gain water?

-lose?

A
  • food, beverage and metabolism

- urine, feces, sweat and breathing

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10
Q

application: suppose you eat an extra large jumbo tub of movie popcorn with extra salt and butter
- blood osmolarity will
- blood vol will
- how does the body detect these changes?

A
  • increase
  • not change
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus will sense an increase in blood osmolarity (sense of an increase in the concentration of Na+ of blood)
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11
Q

application: suppose you eat an extra large jumbo tub of movie popcorn with extra salt and butter
- how does the body respond to these changes?
- effect

A
  • increasing secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  • decrease secretion of aldosterone
  • restore osmolarity of blood by increasing retention of H2O and decreasing reabsorption of sodium; kidneys produce small vol of concentrated urine
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12
Q

increasing secretion of antidiuretic hormone effects

A
  1. increase thirst (consume liquids)

2. decrease water loss at kidneys

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13
Q

decreasing secretion of aldosterone effects

A

decreases Na+ reabsorption in kidney

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14
Q

application: suppose you drink a very large volume of water
- blood osmolarity will
- blood volume will
- how does the body detect these changes

A
  • decrease
  • increase
  • osmoreceptors detect a decrease in the concentration of Na+ of the blood
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15
Q

application: suppose you drink a very large volume of water

- how does the body respond to these changes?

A
  • secretion of ADH will decrease
  • secretion of aldosterone will increase
  • kidneys produce a large vol of dilute urine
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16
Q

decreasing secretion of ADH efects

A
  • decreases water reabsorption in DCT and CD

- decreases thirst

17
Q

increasing secretion of aldosterone effects

A

increases sodium reabsorption

18
Q

application: suppose you consume a large vol of an isotonic solution
- blood osmolarity will
- blood vol will
- how does the body detect these changes

A
  • not change
  • increase
  • baroreceptors will detect an increase in BP because of an increase in blood vol
19
Q

application: suppose you consume a large vol of an isotonic solution
- how does the body respond to these changes

A

secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide will increase

20
Q

increasing secretion of ANP causes

-effects

A
  • ADH secretion to decrease
  • aldosterone secretion to decrease
  • kidneys will produce increased vol of urine with and increased Na+ content
21
Q

application: suppose you are in a very severe car accident and are suffering from excessive blood loss
- blood osmolarity will
- blood vol will
- how does the body detect these changes

A
  • not change
  • decrease
  • as blood vol decreases, BP declines
22
Q

application: suppose you are in a very severe car accident and are suffering from excessive blood loss
- how does the body respond to these changes?

A
  1. increase in ADH release
  2. increase renin secretion
    - both work to return blood vol and pressure to normal
23
Q

increasing renin secretion =

A

increase in angiotensin II activation

24
Q

angiotensin II activation

-3

A
  • increases aldosterone release which increase Na+ retention in the kidneys because water follows salt and water will be retained
  • causes vasocontriction = increased BP
  • promotes release of ADH
25
Q

pH

  • definition
  • formula
  • pH of extracellular fluids
A
  • concentration of H+ ions in a solution
  • [H+] = 1 x 10 ^ -7 M –> pH = 7
  • 7.35 - 7.45
26
Q

2 conditions of pH

A
  1. acidosis
  2. alkalosis
    - primarily effects CNS and cardiovascular functions
27
Q

acidosis

  • pH
  • serious?
A
  • below 7.35

- very serious problem

28
Q

alkalosis

  • pH
  • serious?
A
  • above 7.45

- serious but not as common

29
Q

why is the maintenance of pH a problem?

  • H+ gains=
  • constantly producing H+ through
  • formula
  • H+ must be
A
  • H+ loses
  • metabolic activities
  • Co2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
  • eliminated or “tied up” to maintain pH
30
Q

3 mechanisms of acid-base balance

A
  1. buffer system
  2. respiratory system
  3. urinary system
31
Q

buffer system

  • buffer
  • 3 major systems
A
  • compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution by providing or removing H+ ions
    1. protein buffer system
      1. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
      2. phosphate buffer system
32
Q

protein buffer system

  • definition
  • type of protein
A
  • AA accepts or releases H+ ions

- hemoglobin

33
Q

how does hemoglobin play a role in the protein buffer system?

A

by maintaining pH as pCo2 changes

34
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

  • formula
  • function
  • what happens when equation shifts to the left
A
  • Co2 + H2O (H2Co3) H+ + HCO3-
  • can prevent changes in pH after addition of H+ ions
  • Co2 is released in lungs
35
Q

phosphate buffer system

  • equation
  • function
A
  • H2Po4- H+ + HPo4 ^2-

- plays a supporting role in maintaining pH

36
Q

respiratory system

  • what do changes in respiratory rate do
  • direct effect on
  • equation
A
  • stabilizes pH of ECF
  • direct effect on carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
  • Co2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
37
Q

respiratory system

  • increase in pCo2 =
  • decrease in pCo2=
A
  • decrease in pH = increase in respiratory rate = more Co2 lost at lungs = pCo2 and pH returns to normal
  • increase in pH= decrease respiratory rate = less Co2 lost at lungs = pCo2 and pH returns to normal
38
Q

urinary system

  • definition
  • occurs where
  • principle of buffering system
A
  • changing the rate of H+ and HCO3- secretion or reabsorption by the kidneys regulates the pH of the ECF
  • along the PCT, DCT and CD
  • Co2 + H2O (H2CO3) H+ _ HCO3-
39
Q

urinary system

  • where does the Co2 come from
  • principle of buffering system relies on
  • decrease pH of ECF
  • increase pH of ECF
A
  • from tubular fluid, blood and tubular cells
  • relies on carbonic anhydrase in tubular cells
  • H+ is secreted into tubular fluid and HCO3- is released into blood = increase in pH of ECF in blood
  • HCO3- is secreted into tubular fluid and rate of H+ secretion declines = decrease in pH of ECF

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

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