Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 2 lecture > chapter 22 part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 22 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

overview of the immune response

-

A

PAGE 94!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T cells

-4 types

A
  1. cytotoxic T cells
  2. Helper T cells
  3. Memory T cells
  4. suppressor T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cytotoxic T cells

  • known as what 3 names
  • what do they respond to
A
  • killer T cells, CD8 cells, or Tc

- respond to antigens presented with MHC class I molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MHC

  • stands for
  • same or different for each person
  • found where
A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex
  • unique for each person
  • on every cell in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Helper T cells

  • known as what 2 names
  • responds to what
  • found only on
  • function
A
  • CD4 cells or Th
  • responds to antigens presented with MHC class II molecules
  • antigen presenting cells and other lymphocytes
  • stimulates the response of both T and B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Memory T cells

-responds to what

A

responds to antigens they have already encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

suppressor T cells

  • known as
  • function
A
  • Ts

- inhibit T and B cells and moderate the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T cell activation

-2 rules

A
  1. T cells cannot directly interact with antigen

2. T cells must have antigen presented to them on an MHC molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do Th cells require

A

a specialized cell called an antigen presenting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

antigen presenting cell

  • definition
  • 2 ex
A
  • specialized cell that activates Th cell

- macrophages, dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what occurs with Th cells

A

co stimulation occurs and T cell becomes activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

activated helper T cells secrete cytokines that will do what 4 things

A
  1. stimulate T cell divisions
  2. enhances non-specific defenses
  3. attracts and stimulates the activity of natural killer cells (NK cells)
  4. Promotes activation of B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does stimulating the T cell divisions do?

-2 things

A
  • produces memory T cells

- accelerate maturation of cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does enhancing non-specific defenses do

A

attract and stimulate macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does promoting activation of B cells do

A

division, maturation and antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cytotoxic T cells

- 5 steps

A
  1. antigen recognition
  2. costimulation activates CD8 T cell
  3. Activation and cell division (producing active Tc cells and memory Tc cells
  4. destruction of target cells
  5. perforin, cytokine, lymphotoxin release
17
Q

perforin release triggers

  • cytokine release
  • lymphotoxin release
A
  • destruction of plasma membrane
  • stimulation of apoptosis
  • disruption of cell metabolism
18
Q

B cells are effective against

A

antigens and pathogens in body fluids; NOT infected cells

19
Q

B cells

-4 steps

A
  1. binding of antigens to B cells
  2. sensitization of B cells
  3. activation by helper T cells
  4. B cell divides and differentiates into 2 cells
20
Q

binding of antigens to B cells cannot what

A

cannot directly encounter an antigen and does not need an APC

21
Q

sensitization of B cells

  • what do B cells display
  • what does it wait for
A
  • antigens on MHC class II

- waits for signal from Th cell

22
Q

activation by helper T cells

-2 steps

A
  • Th binds to MHC class II complex on B cell

- Th secretes cytokines

23
Q

cytokines

A

promotes B cell activation

24
Q

B cell divides and differentiates into 2 cells

A
  1. plasma cell

2. memory cell

25
Q

plasma cell of a B cell

  • function
  • known as
  • added to what
  • binds to what
A
  • produces proteins
  • antibodies
  • added to circulation
  • binds to antigens in body fluids
26
Q

memory cell of a B cell

  • function
  • initiates what
A
  • programmed to recognize an antigen in the future

- initiates a strong and swift response

27
Q

where are antibodies and proteins found?

A

in the body fluids or bound to the cells

28
Q

constant regions

  • what do they form
  • determines what
A
  • the base of the antibodies

- determines how antibody is distributed in the body

29
Q

variable regions

A

confers antibody specificity

30
Q

5 types of antibodies

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgE
  3. IgD
  4. IgM
  5. IgA
31
Q

what does Ig stand for

A

immunoglobin

32
Q

4 functions of antibodies

A
  1. act to neutralize the antigen by binding to it
  2. causes antigen to precipitate or agglutinate
  3. coats antigen marking it for phagocytosis
  4. increased effectiveness of phagocytosis
33
Q

precipitate

A

to come out of a solution

34
Q

antibody titer

A

level of antibody activity

35
Q

primary response

  • IgM peak
  • IgG peak
A
  • takes more time to develop
  • 1 1/2 weeks
  • ~2 weeks after exposure
36
Q

secondary response

  • fast or slow response
  • what is this due to
  • basis for
A
  • much faster and stronger response
  • memory cells
  • vaccines
37
Q

CD4 T cells

-what are these cells

A

cells infected with HIV

38
Q

HIV

  • what does this virus do
  • what is the result
A

the virus destroys the CD4 T cells

-compromises the immune system (AIDS)

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions