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A&P 2 lecture > chapter 24 > Flashcards

chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

consists of 2 essential parts

A
  1. digestive tract

2. accessory organs

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2
Q

digestive tract

  • definition
  • known as 2 other names
A

muscular tube from mouth to anus

-gastrointestinal tract and alimentary canal

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3
Q

the accessory organs

  • mostly
  • 7
A

glands

    1. liver
      1. gallbladder
      2. pancreas
      3. salivary glands
      4. teeth
      5. tongue
      6. gastric and intestinal glands
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4
Q

functions of the digestive system

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mechanical digestion
  3. digestion
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
  6. excretion
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5
Q

ingestion

A

materials entering digestive tract through the mouth

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6
Q

mechanical digestion

A

crushing and breaking up of ingested material

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7
Q

digestion

A

chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules suitable for absorption

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8
Q

secretion

A

release of H2O acids, enzymes, buffer and salts along the digestive tract

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9
Q

absorption

A

movement of organic substances, ions, vitamins, and H2O from digestive into interstitial fluids

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10
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste products

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11
Q

digestive tract

-

A
  1. oral cavity (mouth)
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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12
Q

small intestine

  • why is it known as small
  • 3 parts
A
  • in diameter
    1. 1st duodenum (10 in)
      1. Jejunum (8 ft)
      2. iliem (12 ft)
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13
Q

Large intestine

  • why is it known as large
  • 4 parts
A
  • in diameter
    1. cecum
      1. colon
      2. rectum
      3. anus
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14
Q

colon

-4 parts

A
  1. Ascending
  2. transverse
  3. descending
  4. sigmoid
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15
Q

Histological organization of digestive tract

-4 layers

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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16
Q

mucosa

  • innermost or outermost layer
  • lines what
  • function
A
  • innermost
  • lumen
  • secretes mucus
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17
Q

mucosa

-3 layers

A
  1. muscularis mucosa
  2. lamina propria
  3. epithelium
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18
Q

muscularis mucosa

  • definition
  • function
A
  • thin layer of smooth muscle

- alters lumen shape

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19
Q

lamina propria

-contains

A

areolar CT, blood vessels and lymphatics

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20
Q

epithelium of the mucosa

  • type of epithelium
  • contains what
A
  • simple columnar

- goblet cells

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21
Q

submucosa

-contains

A

CT, blood and lymphatic vessels

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22
Q

muscularis externa

  • definition
  • controlled by
A
  • double layer of smooth muscle cells

- controlled by the myenteric plexus

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23
Q

serosa

  • structure
  • does not cover
A
  • peritoneum

- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus or rectum

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24
Q

submucosal gland

  • type of gland
  • function
A
  • exocrine gland

- secretes buffers and enzymes

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25
Q

meissner plexus

A

sensory and autonomic

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26
Q

2 movements of digestive materials

A
  1. mixing

2. peristalsis

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27
Q

mixing

  • known as
  • definition
  • where does it occur
  • what does it do
  • are movements well coordinated
  • contractions of
A
  • segmentation
  • constricting the tube and dividing its contents
  • mostly in the small intestine
  • mixes material being digested with intestinal secretions
  • no
  • muscularis externa and muscularis mucosa
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28
Q

peristalsis

  • definition
  • depends on
  • circular layer
  • longitudinal layer
  • moves materials toward
A
  • coordinated wave of muscular contraction that propels material through the tube
  • coordinated contractions of the muscularis externa
  • contracts behind the material while relaxing in front of it
  • contracts ahead of the material and shortens the tube
  • toward the anus
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29
Q

Oral cavity

  • mouth
  • lined by
A
  • opens into the oral (buccal) cavity

- oral mucosa

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30
Q

oral mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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31
Q

Oral cavity

-4 functions

A
  1. sensory analysis of materials before swallowing
  2. mechanical processing of food begins= formation of bolus
  3. lubrication of food bolus in preparation for swallowing
  4. some digestion occurs
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32
Q

Swallowing

  • known as
  • ___ function of the mouth
  • voluntary or involuntary
  • controlled
A
  • deglutition
  • motor
  • voluntary
  • subconsciously
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33
Q

steps of digestive tract to stomach

A
  1. Buccal phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal Phase
  4. Bolus enters stomach
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34
Q

Buccal phase

-4 steps

A
  1. Compression of bolus against the hard palate
  2. retraction of tongue forces bolus into oropharynx
  3. soft palate elevates
  4. Food enters oropharynx
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35
Q

Pharyngeal phase

-5 steps

A
  1. bolus in contact with oropharynx
  2. swallowing reflex
  3. muscles of pharynx will contract
  4. larynx elevates and epiglottis folds
  5. bolus is propelled into esophagus
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36
Q

swallowing reflex

  • begins when
  • controlled by
A
  • begins when bolus passes uvula

- CN V, IX, X

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37
Q

CN V

  • name
  • functions
A
  • trygeminal

- sensation to face and controls chewing

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38
Q

CN IX

  • name
  • functions
A
  • Glossopharyngeal

- sensation to posterior part of the tongue and motor function

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39
Q

CN X

  • name
  • function
A
  • Vagus

- provide motor to pharynx

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40
Q

Esophagus

  • what is it
  • lined by
  • serosa?
A
  • muscular tube
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • no
41
Q

Espohageal stage

-2 steps

A
  1. Bolus is pushed toward stomach by peristaltic waves

2. Lower esophageal sphincter opens and bolus continues into stomach

42
Q

Bolus enters stomach

A

chemical digestion of food continues

43
Q

Stomach

-parts

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Rugae
  4. Pylorus
  5. Cardia
44
Q

Fundus of the stomach

  • contains what
  • function
A
  • contains gastric glands

- secretes acids and enzymes for gastric digestion

45
Q

Body of the stomach

A

mixing tank for food secretions

46
Q

Rugae

A

folds of the mucosa that flatten as the stomach fills with food

47
Q

pylorus

A

secretes mucus and digestive hormones

48
Q

Cardia

A

produces mucus that helps to protect the esophagus

49
Q

2 curvatures of the stomach

A
  1. lesser curvature (by liver)

2. Greater curvature (by spleen)

50
Q

4 functions of the stomach

A
  1. Storage of ingested foods
  2. mechanical breakdown of ingested foods
  3. disruption of chemical bonds in foods through the action of acids and enzymes
  4. production of intrinsic factor for absorption of vitamin B12
    - 1st 3 functions produces chyme
51
Q

chyme

A

soupy mixture of partially digested food, highly acidic

52
Q

factors that iincrease stomach mobility

  • increased stomach mobility =
  • 2
A
  • increased stomach emptying
    1. distention of the stomach
    2. gastrin hormone
53
Q

distention of the stomach

  • definition
  • stimulates what
A
  • stretching of stomach wall (food enters)

- mechanoreceptors

54
Q

mechanoreceptors

-function

A

activates parasympathetic NS which promotes contractions of muscularis externa

55
Q

Gastrin

  • produced by
  • secreted by what (1)
  • secreted by (2)
  • promotes
A
  • endocrine glands
  • stomach in response to arrival of food
  • duodenum when chyme containing partially digested materials enter
  • gastric secretions and contraction of muscularis externa
56
Q

2 factors that decrease stomach motility

A
  1. distention of the duodenum

2. Hormones: cholecytokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide

57
Q

distention of the duodenum

  • definition
  • function
A
  • stretching of the duodenum when chyme enters

- activation of enterogastric reflex

58
Q

enterogastric reflex

-2 functions

A
  1. inhibits contraction of muscularis externa

2. promotes contraction of pyloric sphincter

59
Q

hormones that decrease stomach motility

  • 3
  • produced by
  • function
A
    1. cholecytokinin
      1. secretin
      2. gastric inhibitory peptide
  • the duodenum
  • function to reduce gastric secretions and motility
60
Q

small intestine

  • local
  • 2 components
A
  • movements are controlled by myenteric plexus = PNS
    1. segmentation
      1. peristalsis
61
Q

segmentation of the small intestine

  • how many times/min
  • function
A
  • 11-12 times/min

- mix chyme with intestinal secretions

62
Q

peristalsis of the small intestine

  • movements are
  • moves how many cm/sec
  • how long does it take chyme to move through the sm intestine
  • what does it direct
A
  • very weak propulsive movement
  • 0.5-2.0 cm/sec
  • 3-5 hours
  • coordinated movements
63
Q

2 reflexes that control movements

-stimulated in response to

A
    1. gastroenteric reflex
      1. gastroileal reflex
  • to stretch receptors in the stomach
64
Q

gastroenteric reflex

A

stimulates motility and secretion along the entire small intestine

65
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

triggers relaxation of the ileocecal valve

66
Q

stimulation of the gastroenteric and gastroileal reflex promotes

A

the passage of materials from the small intestine to the large intestine

67
Q

large intestine

  • conversion of what
  • 3 processes
A
  • chyme into feces
    1. haustral churning
      1. mass movements
      2. defecation
68
Q

Haustral churning

-2 steps

A
  1. Taenia coli contract and bunch up which produces bulges called haustra
  2. new contractions produce mixing of colon contents necessary for the production of feces
69
Q

taenia coli

  • location
  • definition
A
  • large intestine

- longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

70
Q

mass movements

  • what is this
  • feces move as a __ down the colon
  • occurs towards the beginning or end
  • occurs where
  • how many times per day
  • function
A
  • peristalsis in the large intestine
  • unit
  • end
  • in the transverse and descending colon
  • 1-2 times per day usually right after the gastrocolic reflex
  • push feces down into the rectum
71
Q

what do mass movements initiate

A

defecation

72
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the body

73
Q

the defecation reflex

  • stimulus
  • response
  • response leads to
A
  • feces in the rectum
  • stretch receptors are stimulated
  • increase in peristalsis in rectum and action potentials are conducted along afferent neuron
74
Q

3 consequences of the defecation reflex

A
  1. strong contraction of descending sigmoid colon and rectum
  2. internal anal sphincter relaxes (opens-no control)
  3. external anal sphincter contracts (closes)
75
Q

Internal anal sphincter

-type of muscle

A

smooth

76
Q

external anal sphincter

-type of muscle

A

skeletal

77
Q

socially unacceptable

-2 things

A
  1. voluntarily keep external anal sphincter closed

2. feces back up and out of rectum and reflex dies

78
Q

socially acceptable

-3

A
  1. voluntarily relax external anal sphincter
  2. to initiate defecation take a deep breath
  3. push feces into anal canal and expel
79
Q

what does taking a deep breath while defecating do

A

increase abdominal pressure

80
Q

Chemical digestion

  • definition
  • what does this produce
A

breakdown of food from high molecular weight components to low molecular weight components
-produces a form that can be absorbed

81
Q

basic strategy of chemical digestion

  • proteins ->
  • carbs ->
  • fat ->
A
  • protein fragments (short polypeptides )-> AA (absorbed)
  • small fragments (di and trisacharrides) -> monosaccharrides (absorbed)
  • triglycerides -> glycerol and FA (absorbed)
82
Q

saliva

  • produces ___ /day
  • pH
  • contains 3 things
A
  • 1-1.5 L/day
  • ~7.0
    1. 99% H2O
      1. salt and mucus
      2. enzymes
83
Q

enzymes of saliva

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. lingual lipase
  3. salivary amylase
84
Q

lysozyme

A

destroys bacteria

85
Q

lingual lipase

A

fat digestion

86
Q

salivary amylase

A

carb digestion

87
Q

4 functions of saliva

A
  1. clean mouth (lysozyme kills bacteria)
  2. dissolves food for taste
  3. helps to form bolus for swallowing
  4. beginning stages of digestion
88
Q

digestion by saliva: salivary amylase

-starch ->

A

-salivary amylase convert starch to di and trisaccharides

89
Q

regulation of salivary secretions

A
  1. smell, sight, thoughts of food and/or food in the mouth stimulates cranial nerves V, VII, IX, or X
  2. salivary nuclei in medulla oblogata
  3. parasympathetic stimulation stimulates increase secretion from salivary glands
90
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
91
Q

chemical digestion: stomach

-2 components

A
  1. gastric juice

2. gastric pits and glands

92
Q

gastric juice

  • basic or acidic
  • pH
  • produced by
A
  • highly acidic
  • 2
  • by the cells of the gastric gland
93
Q

gastric pits and glands

-4 components

A
  1. mucous cells
  2. parietal cells
  3. chief cells
  4. G cells
94
Q

Mucous cells

  • location
  • what are they doing
  • function
A
  • in the gastric pit
  • actively dividing
  • secrete thick protective mucus
95
Q

parietal cells

  • cells of the
  • function
A
  • gastric gland

- secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

96
Q

intrinsic factor of parietal cells

A

facilitates absorption of vitamin B12 needed for erythropoesis

97
Q

hydrochloric acid

  • explains what
  • 3 functions
A
  • acidity
    1. kills microbes
      1. softens cell wall of plant material
      2. helps denature protein
98
Q

what is the gastric pit called

A

the lumen of the stomach

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

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