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A&P 2 lecture > Chapter 21 part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral resistance (PR)

A

opposition to blood flow caused by friction of blood against the wall of the blood vessel

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2
Q

6 factors affecting blood pressure

A
  1. vessel diameter
  2. vessel length
  3. viscosity
  4. cardiac output
  5. Blood volume
  6. blood flow
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3
Q

vessel diameter

  • changes mostly occur in ____
  • 2 types
A
  • arterioles
    1. vasoconstriction
      1. vasodilation
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4
Q

vasoconstriction

  • definition
  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • diameter decreases
  • increases
  • increases
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5
Q

vasodilation

  • definition
  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • diameter increases
  • decreases
  • decrease
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6
Q

Vessel length

-2 functions

A
  1. growth

2. weight gain

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7
Q

vessel length increases

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • increases

- increases

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8
Q

vessel length decreases

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • decreases

- decreases

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9
Q

viscosity

-definition

A

thickness of the blood (hematocrit)

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10
Q

increase thickness of blood

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • increases

- increases

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11
Q

decrease thickness of blood

  • effect on PR
  • effect on BP
A
  • decreases

- decreases

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12
Q

increased cardio output

  • formula
  • effect of BP
A
  • HR x SV

- increases

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13
Q

decreased cardio output

  • formula
  • effect on BP
A
  • HR x SV

- decreases

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14
Q

increased blood vol.

  • effect on SV
  • effect on CO
  • effect on BP
A
  • increases
  • increases
  • increases
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15
Q

decreased blood vol

  • effect on SV
  • effect on CO
  • effect on BP
A
  • decreases
  • decreases
  • decreases
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16
Q

increased blood flow

-effect on BP

A

-increases

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17
Q

decreased blood flow

-effect on BP

A

-decreases

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18
Q

Autoregulation

  • definition
  • 2 components
A
  • LOCAL regulation within capillary bed of tissue in response to localized changes
    1. local vasoconstrictors
      1. local vasodilators
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19
Q

what does the term “local” mean

A

happens at the tissue level

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20
Q

local vasoconstrictors

  • 2 examples
  • released by what
  • response to
A
    1. protaglandins
      1. thromboxanes
  • activated platelets and WBCs
  • damage to vessels
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21
Q

local vasodilators

-5 functions

A
  1. decrease tissue O2
  2. increase tissue CO2
  3. increase K+ or H+
  4. Histamines
  5. increase temp
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22
Q

central nervous system

  • definition
  • when is it brought in
  • location
  • 2 centers
A

adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain blood flow

  • when autoregulation cant keep up we bring this in
  • medulla oblongata
    1. cardiac center
      1. vasomotor center
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23
Q

cardiac center

-2 centers within this

A
  1. cardioaccelatory center

2. cardioinhibitory center

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24
Q

cardioaccelatory center

  • NS
  • effect on CO
A
  • sympathetic

- increases

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25
Q

cardioinhibitory center

  • NS
  • effect on CO
A
  • parasympathetic

- decreases

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26
Q

vasomotor center

  • contains what
  • 2 components
A
  • contains 2 populations of neurons
    1. vasoconstriction
      1. vasoconstriction
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27
Q

Vasoconstriction is vasomotor center

  • releases what
  • type of receptor
  • effect on PR
A
  • norepinephrine
  • adrenergic
  • increases
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28
Q

vasodilation is vasomotor center

  • releases what
  • type of receptor
  • effect on PR
A
  • epinephrine
  • cholinergic
  • decreases
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29
Q

Chemical and hormones regulating BP

  • definition
  • vasoconstrictors (3)
  • vasodilators (2)
A
  • enhances short term effects and directs long term changes
  • norepinephrine, angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone
  • nitric oxide (NO), atrial natriuretic peptide
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30
Q

regulation of blood pressure: baroreceptors (response to an increase in BP)

  • location
  • 5 steps
A
  • in the carotid sinus, wall of atrium and ascending aorta
    1. homeostasis is disturbed = increase in BP
    2. Reflex response: baroreceptors stimulated
    3. Vasomotor center inhibited -> vasodilation -> decrease in BP
    3. AND cardioinhibitory center stimulated and cardioaccelatory center inhibited
    4. decrease CO
    5. decrease BP
    6. homeostasis restored
31
Q

regulation of BP: baroreceptors (response to decrease in BP)

A
  1. homeostasis is disturbed: decrease in BP
  2. reflex response: baroreceptors inhibited
  3. vasomotor center stimulated-> vasoconstriction -> increase in BP
  4. AND cardioinhibitory center stimulated and cardioaccelatory center inhibited
  5. Increase CO
  6. decrease BP
  7. homeostasis restored`
32
Q

Regulation of BP: chemoreceptors

  • location
  • 5 steps
A
  1. homeostasis disturbed: decrease pH, O2 and increase CO2
  2. reflex response: chemoreceptors stimulated
  3. respiratory centers -> increase respiration rate ->increase pH and O2 and decrease CO2
  4. cardioaccelatory center stimulated and cardio inhibitory center inhibited-> increase CO and BP
  5. vasomotor center stimulated -> vasoconstriction -> increase CO and BP
  6. increase in pH and O2 and decrease in CO2
  7. homeostasis restored: normal ph, O2 and CO2
33
Q

2 major circuits

A

1, pulmonary circuit

2. systemic circuit

34
Q

pulmonary circuit

  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
A
  • blood away from heart towards lungs

- blood away from lungs towards heart

35
Q

systematic circuit

  • arteries
  • veins
A
  • blood away from heart towards body tissues

- blood toward heart from body

36
Q

4 divisions of aorta

A
  1. ascending aorta
  2. aortic arch
  3. thoracic aorta
  4. abdominal aorta
37
Q

ascending aorta

  • 2 arterial branches
  • 2 regions supplied
A
  • right and left coronary arteries

- right and left ventricles

38
Q

aortic arch

-5 arterial branches

A
    1. Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, right subclavian)
      1. Left common carotid
      2. left subclavian artery
39
Q

regions supplied by:

  • right common carotid
  • right subclavian
  • left common carotid
  • left subclavian
A
  • head and neck
  • shoulder, arm, chest wall, and back
  • head and neck
  • shoulder, arm, chest wall and back
40
Q

4 branches of the aortic arch supplying the head and neck

A
  1. common carotid
  2. carotid sinus
  3. internal carotid
  4. external carotid
41
Q

carotid sinus

-location

A

located at base of internal carotid

42
Q

internal carotid

  • location
  • supplies what
A
  • inside skull

- brain

43
Q

external carotid

-supplies 3 things

A
  1. face
  2. neck
  3. throat
44
Q

trace a blood drop from heart to fingers

-7

A
  1. heart
  2. aortic arch
  3. subclavian artery
  4. axillary artery
  5. brachail artery
  6. ulnar and radial
  7. superficial and deep palmar arteries
  8. digital arteries
45
Q

thoracic aorta

  • many or a little branches
  • extends from __ to __
  • 2 arterial branches
A
  • many
  • T5 to T12
  • visceral and parietal
46
Q

regions supplied by:

  • visceral
  • parietal
A
  • organs of chest: pericardium, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus
  • chest wall: muscles and diaphragm
47
Q

abdominal aorta

  • begins where
  • 4 arterial branches
A
  • immediately inferior to diaphragm
    1. celiac trunk
      1. superior mesenteric
      2. right and left renals
      3. inferior mesenteric
48
Q

celiac trunk

  • 3 arterial branches
  • regions supplied
A
    1. left gastric artery (stomach)
      1. splenic artery (spleen)
      2. common hepatic artery (liver)
49
Q

regions supplied by:

  • superior mesenteric
  • right and left renals
  • inferior mesenteric
A
  • pancreas, sm intestine, and parts of large intestine
  • kidneys
  • large intestine and rectum
50
Q

right internal iliac artery

-supplies 4 organs

A
  1. bladder
  2. rectum
  3. prostate
  4. uterus and vagina
51
Q

2 types of veins

A
  1. deep

2. superficial

52
Q

deep veins

  • lies next to ___
  • have different or same name
A
  • arteries

- have same name

53
Q

superficial veins

  • lies near ___
  • have different or same name
A
  • surface

- different

54
Q

all systematic veins empty into ____ through these 3 vessels

A
  • right atrium
    1. superior vena cava
    2. coronary sinus
    3. inferior vena cava
55
Q

superior vena cava drains

A

upper regions of body

56
Q

coronary sinus drains

A

myocardium

57
Q

inferior vena cava drains

A

lower parts of the body

58
Q

2 veins of the head and neck

A
  1. right and left internal jugular

2. right and left external jugular

59
Q

right and left internal jugular

-regions drained

A

drains the brain through a series of sinuses: largest sinus is the sagittal sinus that runs in falx cerebri

60
Q

right and left external jugular

-regions drained

A

drains the structures of the face

61
Q

5 deep veins of the arm

A
  1. subclavian
  2. axillary
  3. brachial
  4. radial
  5. ulnar
62
Q

regions drained by deep veins:

  • subclavian
  • axillary
  • brachial
  • radial
  • ulnar
A
  • shoulder
  • axillary region (arm pit)
  • upper arm
  • lower arm
  • lower arm
63
Q

how does axillary vein form

A

basilic joins with brachial to form axillary

64
Q

3 superficial veins of the arm

A
  1. cephalic
  2. basilic
  3. median cubital
65
Q

regions drained by superficial veins

  • cephalic
  • basilic
  • median cubital
A

-regions of the superficial arm

66
Q

what vein is used for blood collection

A

median cubital

67
Q

7 veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis

A
  1. azygos system
  2. superior vena cava
  3. inferior vena cava
  4. right and left common iliacs
  5. hepatic
  6. renal
  7. gonadal
68
Q

what are the deep veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis

A

azygos system, superior and inferior vena cava and right and left common iliac

69
Q

regions drained by:

  1. azygos system
  2. superior vena cava
  3. inferior vena cava
  4. right and left common iliacs
  5. hepatic
  6. renal
  7. gonadal
A
  1. chief collecting vessels of the thorax
  2. head, neck, and upper extremities
  3. lower extremity
  4. pevis and lower limbs
  5. liver
  6. kidneys
  7. gonads
70
Q

7 deep veins of the leg

A
  1. common iliac
  2. internal iliac
  3. external iliac
  4. femoral
  5. popliteal
  6. posterior tibial
  7. anterior tibial
71
Q

superficial vein of the leg

A

great saphenous

72
Q

regions drained by:

  1. common iliac
  2. internal iliac
  3. external iliac
  4. femoral
  5. popliteal
  6. posterior tibial
  7. anterior tibial
A
  1. right and left join to form inferior vena cava
  2. pelvic region
  3. thigh
  4. thigh
  5. posterior knee
  6. posterior leg
  7. anterior leg
73
Q

regions drained by great saphenous

A

superficial structures of the leg

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

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