Chapter 21 part 2 Flashcards
Peripheral resistance (PR)
opposition to blood flow caused by friction of blood against the wall of the blood vessel
6 factors affecting blood pressure
- vessel diameter
- vessel length
- viscosity
- cardiac output
- Blood volume
- blood flow
vessel diameter
- changes mostly occur in ____
- 2 types
- arterioles
- vasoconstriction
- vasodilation
- vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction
- definition
- effect on PR
- effect on BP
- diameter decreases
- increases
- increases
vasodilation
- definition
- effect on PR
- effect on BP
- diameter increases
- decreases
- decrease
Vessel length
-2 functions
- growth
2. weight gain
vessel length increases
- effect on PR
- effect on BP
- increases
- increases
vessel length decreases
- effect on PR
- effect on BP
- decreases
- decreases
viscosity
-definition
thickness of the blood (hematocrit)
increase thickness of blood
- effect on PR
- effect on BP
- increases
- increases
decrease thickness of blood
- effect on PR
- effect on BP
- decreases
- decreases
increased cardio output
- formula
- effect of BP
- HR x SV
- increases
decreased cardio output
- formula
- effect on BP
- HR x SV
- decreases
increased blood vol.
- effect on SV
- effect on CO
- effect on BP
- increases
- increases
- increases
decreased blood vol
- effect on SV
- effect on CO
- effect on BP
- decreases
- decreases
- decreases
increased blood flow
-effect on BP
-increases
decreased blood flow
-effect on BP
-decreases
Autoregulation
- definition
- 2 components
- LOCAL regulation within capillary bed of tissue in response to localized changes
- local vasoconstrictors
- local vasodilators
- local vasoconstrictors
what does the term “local” mean
happens at the tissue level
local vasoconstrictors
- 2 examples
- released by what
- response to
- protaglandins
- thromboxanes
- protaglandins
- activated platelets and WBCs
- damage to vessels
local vasodilators
-5 functions
- decrease tissue O2
- increase tissue CO2
- increase K+ or H+
- Histamines
- increase temp
central nervous system
- definition
- when is it brought in
- location
- 2 centers
adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain blood flow
- when autoregulation cant keep up we bring this in
- medulla oblongata
- cardiac center
- vasomotor center
- cardiac center
cardiac center
-2 centers within this
- cardioaccelatory center
2. cardioinhibitory center
cardioaccelatory center
- NS
- effect on CO
- sympathetic
- increases
cardioinhibitory center
- NS
- effect on CO
- parasympathetic
- decreases
vasomotor center
- contains what
- 2 components
- contains 2 populations of neurons
- vasoconstriction
- vasoconstriction
- vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is vasomotor center
- releases what
- type of receptor
- effect on PR
- norepinephrine
- adrenergic
- increases
vasodilation is vasomotor center
- releases what
- type of receptor
- effect on PR
- epinephrine
- cholinergic
- decreases
Chemical and hormones regulating BP
- definition
- vasoconstrictors (3)
- vasodilators (2)
- enhances short term effects and directs long term changes
- norepinephrine, angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone
- nitric oxide (NO), atrial natriuretic peptide
regulation of blood pressure: baroreceptors (response to an increase in BP)
- location
- 5 steps
- in the carotid sinus, wall of atrium and ascending aorta
1. homeostasis is disturbed = increase in BP
2. Reflex response: baroreceptors stimulated
3. Vasomotor center inhibited -> vasodilation -> decrease in BP
3. AND cardioinhibitory center stimulated and cardioaccelatory center inhibited
4. decrease CO
5. decrease BP
6. homeostasis restored
regulation of BP: baroreceptors (response to decrease in BP)
- homeostasis is disturbed: decrease in BP
- reflex response: baroreceptors inhibited
- vasomotor center stimulated-> vasoconstriction -> increase in BP
- AND cardioinhibitory center stimulated and cardioaccelatory center inhibited
- Increase CO
- decrease BP
- homeostasis restored`
Regulation of BP: chemoreceptors
- location
- 5 steps
- homeostasis disturbed: decrease pH, O2 and increase CO2
- reflex response: chemoreceptors stimulated
- respiratory centers -> increase respiration rate ->increase pH and O2 and decrease CO2
- cardioaccelatory center stimulated and cardio inhibitory center inhibited-> increase CO and BP
- vasomotor center stimulated -> vasoconstriction -> increase CO and BP
- increase in pH and O2 and decrease in CO2
- homeostasis restored: normal ph, O2 and CO2
2 major circuits
1, pulmonary circuit
2. systemic circuit
pulmonary circuit
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- blood away from heart towards lungs
- blood away from lungs towards heart
systematic circuit
- arteries
- veins
- blood away from heart towards body tissues
- blood toward heart from body
4 divisions of aorta
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
ascending aorta
- 2 arterial branches
- 2 regions supplied
- right and left coronary arteries
- right and left ventricles
aortic arch
-5 arterial branches
- Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, right subclavian)
- Left common carotid
- left subclavian artery
- Brachiocephalic (right common carotid, right subclavian)
regions supplied by:
- right common carotid
- right subclavian
- left common carotid
- left subclavian
- head and neck
- shoulder, arm, chest wall, and back
- head and neck
- shoulder, arm, chest wall and back
4 branches of the aortic arch supplying the head and neck
- common carotid
- carotid sinus
- internal carotid
- external carotid
carotid sinus
-location
located at base of internal carotid
internal carotid
- location
- supplies what
- inside skull
- brain
external carotid
-supplies 3 things
- face
- neck
- throat
trace a blood drop from heart to fingers
-7
- heart
- aortic arch
- subclavian artery
- axillary artery
- brachail artery
- ulnar and radial
- superficial and deep palmar arteries
- digital arteries
thoracic aorta
- many or a little branches
- extends from __ to __
- 2 arterial branches
- many
- T5 to T12
- visceral and parietal
regions supplied by:
- visceral
- parietal
- organs of chest: pericardium, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus
- chest wall: muscles and diaphragm
abdominal aorta
- begins where
- 4 arterial branches
- immediately inferior to diaphragm
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric
- right and left renals
- inferior mesenteric
- celiac trunk
celiac trunk
- 3 arterial branches
- regions supplied
- left gastric artery (stomach)
- splenic artery (spleen)
- common hepatic artery (liver)
- left gastric artery (stomach)
regions supplied by:
- superior mesenteric
- right and left renals
- inferior mesenteric
- pancreas, sm intestine, and parts of large intestine
- kidneys
- large intestine and rectum
right internal iliac artery
-supplies 4 organs
- bladder
- rectum
- prostate
- uterus and vagina
2 types of veins
- deep
2. superficial
deep veins
- lies next to ___
- have different or same name
- arteries
- have same name
superficial veins
- lies near ___
- have different or same name
- surface
- different
all systematic veins empty into ____ through these 3 vessels
- right atrium
1. superior vena cava
2. coronary sinus
3. inferior vena cava
superior vena cava drains
upper regions of body
coronary sinus drains
myocardium
inferior vena cava drains
lower parts of the body
2 veins of the head and neck
- right and left internal jugular
2. right and left external jugular
right and left internal jugular
-regions drained
drains the brain through a series of sinuses: largest sinus is the sagittal sinus that runs in falx cerebri
right and left external jugular
-regions drained
drains the structures of the face
5 deep veins of the arm
- subclavian
- axillary
- brachial
- radial
- ulnar
regions drained by deep veins:
- subclavian
- axillary
- brachial
- radial
- ulnar
- shoulder
- axillary region (arm pit)
- upper arm
- lower arm
- lower arm
how does axillary vein form
basilic joins with brachial to form axillary
3 superficial veins of the arm
- cephalic
- basilic
- median cubital
regions drained by superficial veins
- cephalic
- basilic
- median cubital
-regions of the superficial arm
what vein is used for blood collection
median cubital
7 veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
- azygos system
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- right and left common iliacs
- hepatic
- renal
- gonadal
what are the deep veins of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
azygos system, superior and inferior vena cava and right and left common iliac
regions drained by:
- azygos system
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- right and left common iliacs
- hepatic
- renal
- gonadal
- chief collecting vessels of the thorax
- head, neck, and upper extremities
- lower extremity
- pevis and lower limbs
- liver
- kidneys
- gonads
7 deep veins of the leg
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- external iliac
- femoral
- popliteal
- posterior tibial
- anterior tibial
superficial vein of the leg
great saphenous
regions drained by:
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- external iliac
- femoral
- popliteal
- posterior tibial
- anterior tibial
- right and left join to form inferior vena cava
- pelvic region
- thigh
- thigh
- posterior knee
- posterior leg
- anterior leg
regions drained by great saphenous
superficial structures of the leg