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chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of the respiratory system

-6 main structures

A
  1. Nose (upper)
  2. pharynx (upper)
  3. larynx (lower)
  4. trachea (lower)
  5. bronchi (lower)
  6. lung (lower)
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2
Q

the nose and nasal cavity

  • lined by what
  • 6 structures
  • 2 functions
A
  • respiratory epithelium
    1. superior nasal conchae
      1. middle nasal conchae
      2. inferior nasal conchae
      3. external nare
      4. hard palate
      5. internal nare
    1. primary passage way for air
      1. filters, warms and humidifies air
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3
Q

respiratory epithelium

  • type of epithelium
  • modified with what
A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium

- cilia and contains globlet cells

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4
Q

the pharynx

-3 parts

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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5
Q

nasopharynx

  • lined by
  • contains what 3 structures
A
  • lined by respiratory epithelium

- contains internal nare, entrance to auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsil

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6
Q

oropharynx

  • lined by
  • contains what 2 structures
A
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelium

- lingual tonsil and palatine tonsil

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7
Q

laryngopharynx

-lined by

A

lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

the larynx

  • made of
  • begins at
  • anterior view (4 structures)
A
  • mostly hyaline cartilage
  • begins at ~ C4 and ends at ~C6
    1. hyoid bone
      1. thyroid cartilage
      2. laryngeal prominence
      3. cricoid cartilage
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9
Q

glottis

A

air leaves pharynx and enters larynx through this

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10
Q

hyoid bone

-function

A

serves as an attachment site for muscles of the larynx, pharynx and tongue

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11
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

incomplete cartilage ring

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12
Q

laryngeal prominence

-known as

A

adam’s apple

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13
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

a complete cartilage ring

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14
Q

3 structures located inside the larynx

A
  1. vestibular ligament
  2. vocal ligament
  3. corniculate cartilage
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15
Q

3 structures located on the posterior side of the larynx

A
  1. epiglottis
  2. arytenoid cartilage
  3. cricoid cartilage
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16
Q

epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

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17
Q

what is the function of the corniculate cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage

A

function in the opening and closing of the glottis

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18
Q

2 functions of the larynx

A
  1. prevents liquids and solids from entering the larynx

2. sound production

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19
Q

what structure folds over and covers the glottis during swallowing

A

the epiglottis

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20
Q

sound production

A

air passes through glottis and vibrates vocal folds which produce sound waves

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21
Q

vocal fold

  • what does voice range depend on
  • what does pitch depend on
  • what does loudness depend on
A
  • depends on the length of the vocal folds
  • depends on the tension applied to the vocal folds
  • depends on the force of air passing across the vocal folds
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22
Q

short vocal folds = ____ sound

long vocal folds = ____ sound

A
  • higher

- deeper

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23
Q

increased tension on vocal folds = ____ pitch

decreased tension = ___ pitch

A
  • higher

- lower

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24
Q

more air passing across vocal folds =

A

louder voice

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25
Q

phonation

A

sound production at the larynx

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26
Q

articulation

  • what modifies the produced sound
  • what is also important for speech
A
  • tongue, teeth and lips

- nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

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27
Q

the trachea

  • lined by
  • contains
  • stretches from
  • ___ shaped cartilage
A
  • lined by respiratory epithelium
  • contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages
  • C6 to T5
  • C shaped
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28
Q

function of tracheal cartilages

A

keeps trachea from collapsing

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29
Q

trachealis muscle

  • relaxation
  • contraction
  • allows for
A
  • increases the diameter of the trachea (sympathetic stimulation)
  • decreases the diameter of the trachea
  • distortion as food passes through esophagus
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30
Q

what in the trachea moves mucus against gravity

A

cilia and it pushes mucus and trapped particles towards pharynx and into esophagus

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31
Q

lungs

  • location
  • separated from eachother by what
  • lined by
A
  • within in the thoracic cavity (lateral sides)
  • mediastinum
  • lined by a serous membrane called the pleura
32
Q

pleura

-2 types

A
  1. parietal pleura

2. visceral pleura

33
Q

parietal pleura

A

adhered to chest wall

34
Q

visceral pleura

A

adhered to lung tissue

35
Q

pleural cavity

  • contains
  • function
A

contains fluid

-serves as a lubricant and helps to keep the lungs open

36
Q

right lung

  • number of lobes and names
  • number and name of fissures
A
  • 3; superior, middle and inferior

- 2, horizonal fissure and oblique fissure

37
Q

left lung

  • number of lobes and names
  • number of fissures and names
  • special feature
A
  • 2; superior and inferior
  • 1; oblique fissure
  • cardiac notch
38
Q

what does the horizontal fissure separate in the right lung

-oblique?

A
  • superior and middle lobe

- middle and inferior lobe

39
Q

what does the oblique fissure separate in the left lung

A

-superior and inferior lobe

40
Q

hilum of the right lung contains

A

pulmonary arteries, veins and secondary bronchi

41
Q

the bronchial tree

  • definition
  • 2 functional categories
A
  • primary bronchi and their branches
    1. conducting zone
      1. functional (respiratory) zone
42
Q

conducting zone

A

terminal bronchioles upward

43
Q

functional (respiratory) zone

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

44
Q

general consideration as you proceed down the bronchial tree

A
  1. decrease in cartilage
  2. increased in smooth muscle
  3. decrease in columnar epithelium
  4. columnar epithelium
  5. decrease in number of cilia
45
Q

what is smooth muscle innervated by

  • sym
  • parasym
A

by ANS

  • bronchodilation
  • bronchoconstriction
46
Q

traveling down bronchial tree

- 9 structures

A
  1. trachea
  2. primary bronchus
  3. secondary bronchus
  4. tertiary bronchus
  5. smaller bronchi
  6. bronchioles
  7. terminal bronchioles (conducting zone and up)
  8. respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone and down)
  9. alveolar sac
47
Q

alveolar sac

  • location
  • epithelium
A

pulmonary lobule

-simple squamous epithelium

48
Q

the pulmonary lobule

  • definition
  • contains what
A
  • functional unit of the lung

- the pulmonary artery and vein, respiratory passageways, lymphatics and nerves

49
Q

branch of pulmonary artery carries what type of blood

-pulmonary vein?

A
  • deO2 blood

- O2 blood

50
Q

structures of the respiratory

A
  1. respiratory bronchiole
  2. arteriole
  3. capillary beds
  4. branch of pulmonary vein
  5. alveolar duct
  6. alveoli
  7. connective tissue
51
Q

connective tissue of the pulmonary lobule contains

A

trabeculae

52
Q

trabeculae

  • contains
  • function
A
  • smooth muscle, elastic fibers and lymphatic vessels

- help to divide lobes into smaller compartments (lobules)

53
Q

the alveolus and respiratory membrane

  • type of tissue
  • 2 cells types
A

simple squamous epithelium

    1. pneumocyte I
      1. pneumocyte II
54
Q

pneumocyte I

A

very thin, squamous epithelium

55
Q

pneumocyte II

A

“septal cells”, produces surfactant

56
Q

surfactant

  • secreted onto where
  • 2 functions
  • not produced until when
A
  • onto alveolar surfaces
    1. acts to reduce surface tension
      1. prevents alveoli from collapsing
  • 6th fetal month
57
Q

absence of surfactant

A

alveoli collapse and gas exchange cannot occur

58
Q

respiratory membrane

  • definition
  • 3 layers
A
  • where gas exchange occurs
    1. squamous epithelial cells linings the alveolus
      1. the endothelial cells lining the capillary
      2. fused basal lamina that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells
59
Q

why can the diffusion of CO2 and O2 occur very rapidly?

A

because the distance is short and gases are lipid soluable

60
Q

2 integrated processes of respiration

A
  1. external respiration

2. internal respiration

61
Q

external respiration

  • definition
  • between what
A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between interstitial fluids and the external environment
-lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries

62
Q

internal respiration

  • definition
  • between what
A
  • exchanges of O2 and CO2 by body cells

- between systematic capillaries and tissues

63
Q

3 steps involved in respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. gas diffusion
  3. transport of O2 and CO2
64
Q

pulmonary ventilation

  • definition
  • function
A

breathing; physical movement of air into and out of lungs

-maintain adequate movement of air into and out of alveoli

65
Q

gas diffusion

-exchanges where

A

across the respiratory membrane and across capillary walls between blood and tissues

66
Q

transport of O2 and CO2

-exchanges where

A

between alveolar capillaries and capillary beds in tissues

67
Q

hypoxia

A

low tissue O2 levels

68
Q

Anoxia

  • definition
  • causes
  • ex
A
  • no O2 in tissues
  • rapid cell death
  • stroke, heart attack
69
Q

Gas pressure

A

pressure of a gas exerted by the collision of gas molecules with the walls of a container

70
Q

boyle’s law

  • definition
  • increased volume
  • decreased volume
A
  • for gas in a closed container at constant temp; pressure is inversely proportional to volume
  • decreased pressure
  • increased pressure
71
Q

2 types of pressures in the respiratory system

A
  1. intrapulmonary pressure

2. intrapleural pressure

72
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure inside the respiratory tract which varies

73
Q

intrapleural pressure

  • between what
  • pressure is generally ___
  • known as a
  • function
A
  • lungs and chest wall
  • negative
  • vacuum
  • helps keep lungs open during respiration
74
Q

the mechanisms of breathing: inspiration

-3 steps

A
  1. external intercostals contract which pulls chest upward
  2. diaphragm contracts and moves down which increases the depth of the thorax
  3. overall increase in volume of thoracic cavity
75
Q

the mechanisms of breathing: expiration

-3 steps

A
  • passive (generally)
    1. external intercostals relax which causes chest to depress
    2. diaphragm relaxes which moves upward; decreases depth of throrax
    3. overall decrease in volumes of throacic cavity
76
Q

forced expiration

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

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