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A&P 2 lecture > chapter 22 > Flashcards

chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

lymphatic system

-4 components

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. lymphoid tissues and organs
  4. lymphocytes
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2
Q

lymph

  • known as
  • similar to what
A
  • interstitial fluid

- similar to plasma but contains lower amounts of protein

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3
Q

lymphocytes

A

provide defense against infections and other environmental hazards

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4
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. fluid balances
  2. fat absorption
  3. defense
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5
Q

fluid balance

-entering and exiting

A

more fluids exit the capillaries than is reabsorbed

-extra fluid enters the lymphatics and is returning to the blood

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6
Q

fat absorption

-where does it absorb fat from

A

digestive system

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7
Q

defense

  • what filters microorganisms
  • what are defense cells called
A

microorganisms are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen
-lymphocytes

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8
Q

hydrostatic pressure

  • definition
  • what does high HP do
A

the pressure exerted by a liquid in response to an applied force
-tends to force H2O out of solution

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9
Q

what contributes to hydrostatic pressure of the capillaries

A

blood pressure

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10
Q

osmotic pressure

  • definition
  • what does indication of the force do
  • what does high OP do
A
  • the pressure is required to stop the flow of water by osmosis
  • moves the water into a solution because of its solute concentration
  • tends to draw H2O into a solution into a solution
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11
Q

what contributes to the osmotic pressure of the blood

A

plasma proteins (mostly albumins)

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12
Q

Arterial side

  • water moves in or out
  • hydrostatic pressure __ osmotic pressure
  • fluid in capillary
  • produces ___L/day of filtrates
A
  • moves out
  • greater than
  • is forced out of capillary = filtration
  • 24 L/day
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13
Q

Venule side

  • water moves in or out
  • hydrostatic pressure __ osmotic pressure
  • fluid is
  • produces ___ L/day of filtrates
A
  • in
  • less than
  • forced into capillaries = reabsorption (occurs because of osmosis)
  • 20.4 L/day
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14
Q

what is the difference in liters produced by the arterial side and the venule side
-what is done with it

A
  • difference of ~3.6 L/day of fluid

- it is reabsorbed into lymphatics and returned to blood

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15
Q

Lymphatic vessels

-definition

A

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

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16
Q

lymphatic capillaries

  • definition
  • present where
  • absent where
  • 1 component
A
  • where the lymphatic networks begin
  • present in almost every tissue and organ in body
  • absent in areas that lack a blood supply
  • lacteals
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17
Q

lacteals

  • definition
  • function
A

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine

-transport of absorbed lipids

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18
Q

how is the lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries
-2

A
  1. they originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes
    - have large diameters and thinner walls
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19
Q

2 major lymph-collecting vessels

A
  1. superficial lymphatics

2. deep lymphatics

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20
Q

superficial lymphatics location

A

located in the subcutaneous layers deep to the skin

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21
Q

deep lymphatics

-function

A

drains muscles, joints, and other deep structures

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22
Q

relationship between the lymphatic ducts and the venous system

A

large lymphatic vessels converge to form trunks which empty into 1 or 2 large ducts

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23
Q

2 types of ducts

A
  1. thoracic duct

2. right lymphatic duct

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24
Q

throacic duct

  • base
  • empties into what
A
  • cisterna chyli which receives lymph from lower parts of the body
  • left subclavian vein
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25
Q

right lymphatic duct

  • delivers where
  • empties into what
A
  • lymph from right side of body above diaphragm

- empties into right subclavian vein

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26
Q

lymphoid tissue

  • structure
  • location
  • each nodule has what
A
  • densely packed lymphocytes within areolar CT
  • deep to epithelium, digestive and urinary tracts
  • each nodule has a “germinal center” which contain dividing lymphocytes
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27
Q

MALT

  • what does it stand for
  • definition
  • component
  • what does it have in it
A
  • Mucosa, associated lymphoid tissue
  • lymphoid tissue linked to digestive system
  • aggregated lymphoid nodule
  • areas of small intestine and appendix
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28
Q

tonsil

  • definition
  • 3 types
  • what does it have
  • contains what
A
  • large lymphoid nodules in the wall of the pharynx
  • pharyngeal, palatine and lingual
  • multiple germinal centers
  • crypts
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29
Q

crypts

  • definition
  • function
A
  • invaginated outer edges

- trap material to be screened by lymphocytes for pathogens

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30
Q

locations of the lymph nodes

  • typically found in together or separate
  • function
  • 4 main regions
A
  • in clusters
  • receive lymph from specific regions of the body
  • cervical, axillary, lumbar and inguinal
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31
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

drains lymph from head and neck

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32
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

drains lymph from breast, axilla and upper arm

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33
Q

lumbar lymph nodes

A

drains lymph from abdominal organs

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34
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

drains lymph from pelvis and lower leg

35
Q

what is the importance of lymph node clusters

A

lymph is filtered as it passes from node to node which insures adequate removal of antigens

36
Q

the structure of a lymph node

-7

A
  1. afferent lymphatic
  2. subcapsular space
  3. outer cortex
  4. deep cortex
  5. medulla
  6. efferent vessel
  7. capsule
37
Q

capsule

  • made of
  • definition
A
  • dense CT covering

- separates node from surrounding tissues

38
Q

afferent lymphatic

A

where lymph enters

39
Q

subcapsular space

-what does it contain

A

-contains macrophages and dendritic cells

40
Q

dendritic cells

A

involved in initiation of an immune response

41
Q

outer cortex

-what does it contain

A

B cells within the germinal centers

42
Q

deep cortex

-contains what

A

T cells

43
Q

medulla

-contains what

A

B cells and plasma cells organized in medullary cords

44
Q

efferent vessel

A

where lymph leaves

45
Q 
function of a lymph node
-4
A
  1. filters lymph
  2. removes debris and pathogens
  3. antigens are presented B and T cells
  4. place where immune response is initiated
46
Q

thymus

  • location
  • largest when?
  • 2 components
  • function
A
  • in the mediastinum
  • largest during childhood, decreases in size throughout adulthood
  • cortex and medulla
  • produces hormones called thymosins
47
Q

cortex of the thymus

A

where T lymphocytes are dividing

48
Q

medulla of the thymus

A

where the mature T cells are

49
Q

thymosins

A

necessary for the maturation of T cells

50
Q

spleen

  • definition
  • 3 components
A
  • largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body

- red pulp, white pulp of splenic nodule, hilum

51
Q

red pulp of spleen contains what

A

large quantities of RBCs, macrophages and lymphocytes

52
Q

white pulp of splenic nodule

  • similar to what
  • contains what
A
  • lymphoid nodule

- large quanities of macrophages, dendrtitc cells and lymphocytes

53
Q

3 functions of the spleen

A
  1. removal of abnormal blood cells and other blood components
  2. storage of iron recycled from RBCs
  3. initiation of immune response by B cells and T cells in response to antigens circulating in blood
54
Q

hilum of the spleen

A

where vessels enters and exits

55
Q

antigens

  • definition
  • 4 types of antigens
A
  • chemical targets
    1. proteins
      1. lipids
      2. oligosaccharides
      3. nucleic acids
56
Q

foreign antigens

-location

A

on pathogens, donated tissues and cancer cells

57
Q

self antigens

-location

A

on cells

58
Q

2 general types of defense

A
  1. innate (nonspecific) defense

2. adaptive (specific) defense

59
Q

innate defense

  • definition
  • present when
A
  • does not distinguish one type of threat from another (same response regardless of pathogen)
  • present at birth (genetic)
60
Q

adaptive defense

  • develops when
  • responds when
  • function
A
  • develops after birth
  • depends on activities of specific lymphocytes
  • protects against particular threats
61
Q

adaptive defenses

  • 4 properties
  • 2 forms
A
  • specificity, versatility, memory and tolerance

- innate immunity and acquired immunity

62
Q

specificity of immunity

A

a specific defense is activated by a specific antigen

-response targets that antigen and no others

63
Q

versatility of immunity

  • definition
  • what does it insure
A

the immune systems consists of a large diverse population of lymphocytes
-insures the immune system can confront an antigen at any time

64
Q

memory of immunity

  • definition
  • what is it able to
  • can induce what
A
  • the immune system has specific cells called “memory cells”
  • able to remember antigens they have already seen
  • can induce a stronger, faster response the next time the antigen is encountered
65
Q

tolerance of immunity

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • immune system does not respond to all antigens

- the immune system generally ignores normal tissues

66
Q

innate immunity

  • present when
  • has no relationship to what
  • response is generally
A
  • at birth
  • no relationship to previous exposure
  • generally non specific
67
Q

acquired immunity

  • definition
  • not present when
  • 2 types
A
  • acquire immunity against a specific antigen after exposure
  • at birth
  • active immunity and passive immunity
68
Q

active immunity

  • definition
  • 2 types
A
  • develops after exposure to an antigen
    1. naturally acquired active immunity
      1. induced active immunity
69
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • immunity develops because of natural exposure to antigens

- chicken pox

70
Q

induced active immunity

  • definition
  • ex
A
  • immunity develops because of deliberate exposure to antigens
  • vaccines
71
Q

passive immunity

  • definition
  • 2 types
A
  • produced by transfer of antibodies from another source
    1. naturally acquired passive immunity
      1. induced passive immunity
72
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

-definition

A
  • mom’s antibodies given to baby through breast milk

- mom’s antibodies can cross the placenta

73
Q

induced passive immunity

  • definition
  • example
A
  • antibodies are administered to fight an infection or prevent a disease
  • treatment of rabies
74
Q

3 classes of lymphocytes

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. NK cells
75
Q

T cells

  • ___ dependent
  • how much %
  • differentiates into 4 categories
A
  • 80%
  • thymus
    1. cytotoxic T cells
      1. Helper T cells
      2. Suppressor T cells
      3. Memory T cells
76
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses

77
Q

Helper T cells

A

stimulate the activation and function of both T cells and B cells

78
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

inhibit the activation and function of both T cells and B cells

79
Q

Memory T cells

A

are a subset of T cells that respond to a previously encountered antigen

80
Q

B cells

  • ____ dependent
  • how much % of circulating lymphocytes
  • 1 subdivision
A
  • bone marrow
  • 10-15%
  • plasma cells
81
Q

plasma cells

A

produce and secrete antibodies

82
Q

NK cells

  • how much % of circulating lymphocytes
  • known as
  • function
A
  • 5-10%
  • natural killer cells
  • attack abnormal cells: cancer cells to bacteria
83
Q

formation and distribution of lymphocytes

-3 steps

A
  1. thymus (thymic hormones)
  2. red bone marrow
  3. peripheral tissues
84
Q

what does red bone marrow play a primary role in

A

maintenance of normal lymphocyte populations

A&P 2 lecture (17 decks)

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