Chapter 26 Flashcards
T/F
General MacArthur wanted to use the atomic bomb against China during the Korean War.
True
T/F
Joseph McCarthy never showed the list he said he had of known Communists in the State Department.
True
T/F
An agreement to come to the aid of any member of NATO who was attacked meant that for the first time in history, the United States had committed itself to maintaining peace in Europe.
True
T/F
In August 1946, Stalin demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey.
True
T/F
Two examples of covert operations that achieved American objectives during the early years of the Cold War took place in Iran and Guatemala.
True
Popular support for Joseph McCarthy began to fade when -
a) he began to accuse popular film stars
b) millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
c) he could not produce the list he said he had of known Communists
d) the Senate impeached him
b) millions watched him bully witnesses in televised hearings investigating the Army
What island, which Eisenhower saw as part of the “anti-Communist barrier,” did the Chinese threaten to seize in 1954?
a) Cuba
b) Hawaii
c) the Philippines
d) Taiwan
d) Taiwan
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany into four zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and -
a) Italy
b) Belgium
c) Greece
d) France
d) France
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were charged with -
a) passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
b) plotting to overthrow the U.S.
c) being Communist Party members
d) planning act of terrorism
a) passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
When Russians blockaded roads to Berlin, citizens were aided by the U.S. through the -
a) Marshall Plan
b) Berlin Airlift
c) Truman Doctrine
d) European Recovery Act
b) Berlin Airlift
To prevent Communists from staging revolutions within developing countries, Eisenhower used -
a) brinkmanship
b) massive retaliation
c) embargoes
d) covert operations
d) covert operations
The Korean War pitted the military forces of North Korea and China against -
a) the United States
b) the Soviet Union
c) South Korea
d) the United Nations
d) the United Nations
MacArthur attacked the North Koreans from the rear when he landed at -
a) Inchon
b) Pusan
c) Seoul
d) Chosin
a) Inchon
The Long Telegram resulted in -
a) the Marshall Plan
b) the establishment of the CIA
c) the Berlin airlift
d) the containment policy
d) the containment policy
The McCarran Act -
a) required all government employees to sign a loyalty oath
b) allowed the arrest of Communists in case of a national emergency
c) imposed the death penalty on anyone convicted of espionage
d) authorized the use of wiretaps to uncover suspected Communists
b) allowed the arrest of Communists in case on a national emergency
The Truman Doctrine resulted in -
a) the economic recovery of Europe
b) a pledge to fight communism
c) the rearming of West Germany
d) the Red Scare
b) a pledge to fight communism
The Chinese invaded Korea by crossing the -
a) DMZ
b) South Korean Border
c) Yalu River
d) Chosin Resevoir
c) Yalu River
The Korean War resulted in -
a) victory for North Korea
b) victory for South Korea
c) victory for the United Nations
d) containment but no victory
d) containment but no victory
While many Americans believed that WWII had been cause by the Depression, Truman through that it had been caused by -
a) expansionism
b) militarism
c) communism
d) appeasement
d) appeasement
What did Congress create to coordinate research in rocket and space technology -
a) National Defense Education Act
b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
c) Central Intelligence Agency
d) military-industrial complex
b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to -
a) punish Germany for World War II
b) prevent Germany from rearming
c) keep Communist countries weak
d) help Western Europe recover
d) help Western Europe recover
What was the name of the project that cracked the Soviet spy code, which confirmed extensive Soviet spying -
a) Project Venona
b) Rosenberg Project
c) Project Red Spy
d) Blacklist Project
a) Project Venona
In Response to the formation of NATO, Russia and Eastern European leaders formed the -
a) OAS
b) Warsaw Pact
c) SEATO
d) European Union
b) Warsaw Pact
Eisenhower encouraged the use of the ____ bombers because they could drop bombs anywhere in the world.
a) B-2
b) Stealth
c) Harrier
d) B-52
d) B-52
The capital of the Federal Republic of West Germany was -
a) Munich
b) Nuremburg
c) Berlin
d) Bonn
d) Bonn
Which of the following best completes the diagram?
Allow Germany’s economy to recover.
Opposing Views at Potsdam
U.S. View Soviet View
a) Germany must be Communist
b) Germany must be divided
c) Germany must make reparations
d) Berlin must be placed under Soviet control
c) Germany must make reparations
Eisenhower built up the nuclear arsenal of the U.S., giving the country the ability to use ___________ in response to an enemy attack.
massive retaliation
Alger Hiss was convicted of _______, or lying under oath.
perjury
The ________ was imaginary line that separated the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West.
iron curtain
The motto on the Korean War Memorial is _______________.
“Freedom in not Free”
The era in which both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. attempted to block the spread of the other’s ideologies is called the ________.
Cold War
in confrontations with other countries, Eisenhower often used _________, going to the edge of war to force the other side to back down.
brinkmanship
The Communist countries of Eastern Europe came to be called _______ nations because they had to remain Communist and follow Soviet policies.
satellite
After World War II, the Allies divided Korea at the _________ of latitude.
38th parallel
The tactics of blackening reputations with vague and unfounded charges became known as ________.
McCarthyism
The North Koreans used a new type of indoctrination called _______ on American prisoners.
brainwashing
The first artificial satellite to orbit the earth was called ______.
Sputnik
Emerged as the leader of Russia several years after Stalin’s death
Nikita Kruschev
leader of the People’s Republic of China
Mao Zedong
leader of the Chinese Nationalists who fled China
Chiang Kai shek
accused Alger Hiss of being a spy
Whitaker Chambers
replaced MacArthur in Korea
Matthew Ridgeway
FBI head who authorized wiretapping and infiltration of groups suspected of subversion
J. Edgar Hoover
U-2 pilot shot down over the Soviet Union
Francis Gary powers
saved the life of Private Kane in Korea
Carlos Rodriguez
What precautions did Americans take in fear of and/or preparation for an atomic attack?
Schools conducted bomb drills to practice what they would do to protect children.
Because many people died from fallout, many fallout shelters were built for people to go in.
Even though this would not protect them from radiation, many people would not leave their house in fear of nuclear bombs.
Many people were investigated to make sure no spies were leaking American nuclear secrets.
The Egyptians seized control of the Suez Canal in order to -
a) assure their own national security
b) expel Western influences from their country
c) use the canal’s profits to pay for a dam
d) assure access to the canal for their ally, the Soviet Union
c) use the canal’s profits to pay for a dam
At Yalta, the leaders agreed to -
a) divide Germany among the four Allied powers
b) allow half of Germany to be Communist and the other half democratic
c) help Germany’s economy to recover
d) allow free elections in Germany
a) divide Germany among the four Allied power
Located near Berlin; where Truman and Stalin met to work out a deal on Germany
Potsdam
Eastern European countries that had to remain Communist and friendly to the Soviet Union
satellite nations
Issued by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin and declared “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live”
Declaration of Liberated Europe
a Soviet resort on the Black Sea where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to plan the postwar world
Yalta
an era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from about 1946 to 1990
Cold War
By 1945 what did President Roosevelt and his advisers think was the key to keeping the world at peace?
a) economic growth
b) a strong military
c) atomic bombs
d) compromise
a) economic growth
One of the major causes of the Cold War were arguments between the United States and the Soviet Union over reparations and -
a) control of Japan
b) the use of the atomic bomb
c) economic policy in Germany
d) immigration to the United States
c) economic policy in Germany
The presence of the Soviet army in Eastern Europe ensured that pro-Soviet Communist governments would be established eventually in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and -
a) the Netherlands
b) Czechoslovakia
c) Switzerland
d) Austria
b) Czechoslovakia
As the war ended, what two factors influenced the Soviet leaders’ thinking -
a) capitalism and democracy
b) trade and economic growth
c) security and communism
d) education and human rights
c) security and communism
keeping communism within its present territory through the use of diplomatic, economic, and military actions
containment
the Soviet zone of Germany
East Germany
a war fought to achieve a limited objective such as containing communism
limited war
gave European nations American aid to rebuild their economies
Marshall Plan
when cargo planes supplied Berliners with food, medicine, and coal
Berlin airlift
The prevent a Communist revolution in Asia, the United States sent $2 billion in aid beginning in the mid-1940s to -
a) Mao Zedong’s forces
b) North Korea
c) Japan
d) Chiang Kai-shek’s forces
d) Chiang Kai-shek’s forces
Where was the first of a string of crises that erupted in the spring and summer of 1946?
a) Iran
b) Turkey
c) East Germany
d) West Germany
a) Iran
Where did Truman order United States naval and air power into action because he thought the Communist invasion of that country was a test of the containment policy -
a) Turkey
b) China
c) South Korea
d) Iran
c) South Korea
The United States, Great Britain, and France merged their zones to form West Germany and allowed the Germans to have their own -
a) military
b) government
c) containment
d) limited war
b) government
After the Korean War began, the United States embarked on a major -
a) military buildup
b) peace negotiation mission
c) trade agreement
d) capital education program
a) military buildup
formal disapproval
censure
the effort to secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government
subversion
built to protect people from the radiation left over after a nuclear blast
fallout shelters
lying under oath
perjury
In 1950, with the Korean War underway and McCarthy and others arousing fears of Communist spies, Congress passed the Internal Security Act, usually called the -
a) McCarthy Act
b) McCarran Act
c) Immigration Act
d) Hoover Act
b) McCarran Act
What did President Truman establish in early 1947 to screen all federal employees?
a) House Un-American Activities Committee
b) Project Venona
c) loyalty review program
d) McCarthy Review
c) loyalty review program
In 1949 the Red Scare intensified even further when the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb, and the Chinese fell to -
a) socialism
b) anarchy
c) McCarthyism
d) communism
d) communism
In 1953 Americans were shocked when the Soviets tested the -
a) Sputnik satellite
b) first fallout shelters
c) hydrogen bomb
d) HUAC
c) hydrogen bomb
formal face-to-face meeting of leaders from different countries to discuss important issues
summit
policy of threatening to use nuclear weapons if a Communist state tried to seize territory by force
massive retaliation
countries with primarily agricultural economies
developing nations
a relationship that developed between the military establishment and the defense industry
military-industrial complex
What did Congress create to coordinate research in rocket and space technology?
a) National Defense Education Act
b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
c) Central Intelligence Agency
d) military-industrial complex
b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
When Eisenhower declared a “New Look” was needed, he meant a new look in -
a) education policy
b) welfare programs
c) health policy
d) defense policy
d) defense policy
To prevent Communist revolutions in other countries, Eisenhower decided to use covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the -
a) Central Intelligence Agency
b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
c) Federal Bureau of Investigation
d) Navy
a) Central Intelligence Agency
Who emerged as the leader of the Soviet Union three years after Stalin died?
a) Mohammed Mossadegh
b) Nikita Khrushchev
c) Chiang Kai-shek
d) Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
b) Nikita Khrushchev
wrote the novel “Tomorrow!” to educate the public about the horrors of atomic war
Philip Wylie
proposed the European Recovery Program that promised European nations American aid to rebuild their economies
George C Marshall
Who said “an iron curtain has descended across the continent”
Winston Churchill
in charge of occupied Japan after World War II
Douglas MacArthur
diplomat who tried to explain Soviet behavior in the “long telegram”
George Kennan
the nation “must be prepared to use atomic weapons in all forms”
Dwight D Eisenhower
At Yalta, the leaders agreed to recognize the Polish government that the Soviets had set up if Stalin agreed to -
a) allow free enterprise in Poland
b) allow Poland to trade with the West
c) hold free elections there as soon as possible
d) give up his demand for reparations from Germany
c) hold free elections there as soon as possible
Truman said the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan were essential for -
a) containment
b) world economic recovery
c) world peace
d) American prosperity
a) containment
When the United States, Britain, and France merged their zones in Germany, the Soviet Union responded by -
a) threatening to declare war
b) building the Berlin Wall
c) blockading West Berlin
d) organizing a military alliance
c) blockading West Berlin
Joseph McCarthy created the media frenzy that began his witch hunt by -
a) accusing Alger Hiss of being a Soviet spy
b) saying that there were spies in the United States Army
c) urging the house Un-American Activities Committee to hold open hearings
d) saying that he had a list of Communists employed by the State Department
d) saying that he had a list of Communists employed by the State Department
In what ways did the Korean War mark a turning point in the Cold War?
After the Korean War began, the US began a major military buildup. The Korean War also helped expand the Cold War to Asia. After the Korean War began, the US became more militarily involved in Asia. The US signed defense agreements with several Asian nations and began to send aid to the French forces fighting Communist guerrillas in Vietnam.
Explain the reasoning behind “massive retaliation” and “brinkmanship”, and describe how Eisenhower used these concepts to help end the Korean War.
The Korean war convinced Eisenhower that the US could not contain communism by fighting a series of small wars. To stop the small wars was to threaten to use nuclear weapons if a Communist state tried to seize territory by force which is called massive retaliation.
Brinkmanship was the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down.
In Korea, Eisenhower quietly let the Chinese know that the US might continue the Korean War by hinting at a nuclear attack. This threat to go to the brink of nuclear war seemed to work because negotiators soon signed an armistice.
asserted “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live”
Declaration of Liberated Eupore
operated in developing countries to overthrow anti-American leaders
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
created out of fear that the nation was falling behind in scientific research
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Communist countries of Eastern Europe
satellite nations
border between North Korea and South Korea
demilitarized zone
era of confrontation between the US and Soviet Union
Cold War
deadly radiation left over after a nuclear blast
fallout
military alliance in Easter Europe
Warsaw Pact
daring attack that took the North Koreans by surprise
Inchon
Truman’s first meeting with Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov marked a shift in Soviet-American relations because -
a) Truman gave in to most Soviet demands
b) Truman strongly confronted Molotov
c) Molotov gave in to most of Truman’s demands
d) each official approached the other cautiously but diplomatically
b) Truman strongly confronted Molotov
NATO formed for the purpose of -
a) promoting free trade among members
b) spreading democracy
c) mutual defense
d) settling international disputes
c) mutual defense
Truman fired MacArthur because -
a) MacArthur’s mistakes caused his forces to lose the key port of Inchon
b) MacArthur ignored Truman’s command to invade China
c) MacArthur wanted to withdraw American troops from China
d) MacArthur demanded Truman’s approval to expand the war
d) MacArthur demanded Truman’s approval to expand the war
The purpose of Project Venona was to -
a) develop the atomic bomb
b) crack the Soviet spy code
c) uncover Communists in the U.S.
d) spread anti-Communist propaganda
b) crack the Soviet spy code
Cold War:
US Main Concern -
US Ideology:
Soviet Union Concern -
Soviet Union Ideology:
US Main concern - economic problems
US ideology: democracy or free enterprise
Soviet Union concern - security
Soviet Union ideology - communism
Describe the tactics of Joseph McCarthy and explain why few challenged him.
After McCarthy became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations, he used the power of his committee to force government officials to testify about alleged Communist influences. He turned the investigation into a witch hunt based on flimsy evidence and irrational fears. He blackened reputations with vague and unfounded charges. His theatrics and sensational accusations drew the attention of the media. When questioning witnesses, he would badger them and refuse to accept their answers. People were afraid to challenge him for fear of becoming a target themselves.
