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NRS 108 > Chapter 25 (L) > Flashcards

Chapter 25 (L) Flashcards

1
Q

tumors that are harmless and do not spread to other parts of the body

A

benign tumors

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2
Q

cells that produce abnormally and in an uncontrolled manner form…

A

neoplasms or tumors

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3
Q

random, disorganized, uncontrolled growth pattern

A

malignant tumors

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4
Q

can divide, ability to migrate from one tissue or organ to another

A

malignant tumors

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5
Q

term used to describe the movement of cancer cells into adjoining tissue

A

regional invasion

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6
Q

the process by which cancer spreads to distant sites

A

metastasis

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7
Q

common sites of metastasis are

A
  • liver
  • brain
  • bone
  • lungs
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8
Q

malignant transformation

A
  • age
  • diet
  • hormones
  • chronic irritation
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9
Q

what causes malignant transformation

A

when normal cells are exposed to substances called carcinogens that damage DNA and occurs in 4 steps

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10
Q

4 steps of normal cells to malignant cells

A
  • initiation
  • promotion
  • progression
  • metastasis
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11
Q

cancer has metastasized to distant parts of the body

A

stage 4

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12
Q

limited spread of the cancer occurs in the local area, usually to nearby lymph nodes

A

stage 2

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13
Q

tumor is larger or has spread from the site of origin to nearby tissues

A

stage 3

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14
Q

malignant cells are confined to the tissue of origin, no invasion of other tissues takes place

A

stage 1

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15
Q

TNM staging

A

specifies the status of the primary tumor
regional lymph nodes
distant metastases

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16
Q

T0

A

no sign of tumor after treatment

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17
Q

Tis

A

malignancy in epithelial tissue but not basement membrane

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18
Q

T1

A

minimal size and extension

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19
Q

T2, T3

A

progressively increasing size and extension

20
Q

T4

A

large size and extension

21
Q

N0

A

no regional lymph nodes involved

22
Q

N1

A

minimal regional lymph node involved

23
Q

N2

A

increased involvement of regional lymph nodes

24
Q

N3

A

extensive involvement of regional lymph nodes

25
Q

M0

A

no distant metastasis

26
Q

M1

A

distant metastasis present

27
Q

cancer causing drugs include

A
  • diethylstilbestrol
  • androgenic steroids
  • some antineoplastic drugs
28
Q

7 warning signs

A
  • change in bowel or bladder habits
  • a sore that does not heal
  • unusual bleeding or discharge
  • thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere
  • indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • obvious change in a wart or a mole
  • nagging cough or hoarseness
29
Q

prevention and early detection

A
  • general measures to promote health
  • avoidance of known carcinogens
  • identification of high risk people
  • cancer screening
30
Q

reasons for surgery

A
  • relive symptoms
  • maintain function
  • effect a cure
  • reconstruct affected structures
31
Q

has had surgery or radiotherapy and is free of signs of disease but has a high likelihood of recurrence

A

adjuvant therapy

32
Q

uses chemotherapy to reduce the extent of the tumor before surgery or radiotherapy

A

neoadjuvant therapy

33
Q

the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease

A

radiotherapy

34
Q

introduction of the radioactive substance into the body

A

internal radiation

35
Q

is given by way of a beam directed at the tumor

A

external radiation

36
Q

normal cells that are most sensitive to radiation include

A
  • hair follicle
  • bone marrow
  • lining of the digestive tract
  • urinary tracts
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • lymph tissues
37
Q

side effects of radiation

A
  • bone marrow suppression
  • alopecia
  • anorexia
  • dry mouth
  • nausea and vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • inflammation of the skin, esophagus, lungs, bladder
38
Q

low red blood cells

A

anemia

39
Q

low white blood cells

A

infection

40
Q

low platelets

A

bruising and bleeding

41
Q

hair loss

A

alopecia

42
Q

dry mouth

A

xerostomia

43
Q

destruction of bone caused by radiation

A

osteoradionecrosis

44
Q

use of chemical agents in the treatment of disease

A

chemotherapy

45
Q

technique in which a drug is injected directly into an artery supplying the tumor

A

chemoembolization

NRS 108 (24 decks)

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