Chapter 25 (L)

Question 1

tumors that are harmless and do not spread to other parts of the body

Answer 1

benign tumors

Question 2

cells that produce abnormally and in an uncontrolled manner form…

Answer 2

neoplasms or tumors

Question 3

random, disorganized, uncontrolled growth pattern

Answer 3

malignant tumors

Question 4

can divide, ability to migrate from one tissue or organ to another

Answer 4

malignant tumors

Question 5

term used to describe the movement of cancer cells into adjoining tissue

Answer 5

regional invasion

Question 6

the process by which cancer spreads to distant sites

Answer 6

metastasis

Question 7

common sites of metastasis are

Answer 7

• liver
• brain
• bone
• lungs

Question 8

malignant transformation

Answer 8

• age
• diet
• hormones
• chronic irritation

Question 9

what causes malignant transformation

Answer 9

when normal cells are exposed to substances called carcinogens that damage DNA and occurs in 4 steps

Question 10

4 steps of normal cells to malignant cells

Answer 10

• initiation
• promotion
• progression
• metastasis

Question 11

cancer has metastasized to distant parts of the body

Answer 11

stage 4

Question 12

limited spread of the cancer occurs in the local area, usually to nearby lymph nodes

Answer 12

stage 2

Question 13

tumor is larger or has spread from the site of origin to nearby tissues

Answer 13

stage 3

Question 14

malignant cells are confined to the tissue of origin, no invasion of other tissues takes place

Answer 14

stage 1

Question 15

TNM staging

Answer 15

specifies the status of the primary tumor
regional lymph nodes
distant metastases

Question 16

T0

Answer 16

no sign of tumor after treatment

Question 17

Tis

Answer 17

malignancy in epithelial tissue but not basement membrane

Question 18

T1

Answer 18

minimal size and extension

Question 19

T2, T3

Answer 19

progressively increasing size and extension

Question 20

T4

Answer 20

large size and extension

Question 21

N0

Answer 21

no regional lymph nodes involved

Question 22

N1

Answer 22

minimal regional lymph node involved

Question 23

N2

Answer 23

increased involvement of regional lymph nodes

Question 24

N3

Answer 24

extensive involvement of regional lymph nodes

Question 25

M0

Answer 25

no distant metastasis

Question 26

M1

Answer 26

distant metastasis present

Question 27

cancer causing drugs include

Answer 27

- diethylstilbestrol - androgenic steroids - some antineoplastic drugs

Question 28

7 warning signs

Answer 28

- change in bowel or bladder habits - a sore that does not heal - unusual bleeding or discharge - thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere - indigestion or difficulty swallowing - obvious change in a wart or a mole - nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 29

prevention and early detection

Answer 29

- general measures to promote health - avoidance of known carcinogens - identification of high risk people - cancer screening

Question 30

reasons for surgery

Answer 30

- relive symptoms - maintain function - effect a cure - reconstruct affected structures

Question 31

has had surgery or radiotherapy and is free of signs of disease but has a high likelihood of recurrence

Answer 31

adjuvant therapy

Question 32

uses chemotherapy to reduce the extent of the tumor before surgery or radiotherapy

Answer 32

neoadjuvant therapy

Question 33

the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease

Answer 33

radiotherapy

Question 34

introduction of the radioactive substance into the body

Answer 34

internal radiation

Question 35

is given by way of a beam directed at the tumor

Answer 35

external radiation

Question 36

normal cells that are most sensitive to radiation include

Answer 36

- hair follicle - bone marrow - lining of the digestive tract - urinary tracts - ovaries - testes - lymph tissues

Question 37

side effects of radiation

Answer 37

- bone marrow suppression - alopecia - anorexia - dry mouth - nausea and vomiting - diarrhea - inflammation of the skin, esophagus, lungs, bladder

Question 38

low red blood cells

Answer 38

anemia

Question 39

low white blood cells

Answer 39

infection

Question 40

low platelets

Answer 40

bruising and bleeding

Question 41

hair loss

Answer 41

alopecia

Question 42

dry mouth

Answer 42

xerostomia

Question 43

destruction of bone caused by radiation

Answer 43

osteoradionecrosis

Question 44

use of chemical agents in the treatment of disease

Answer 44

chemotherapy

Question 45

technique in which a drug is injected directly into an artery supplying the tumor

Answer 45

chemoembolization