Chapter 25

Question 1

four main functions of water

Answer 1

• transportation of substances to and from the cells
• aid heat regulation by providing perspiration
• assist in maintenance of hydrogen balance in the body
• serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion

Question 2

what percent of the body weight is water

Answer 2

half of the body

Question 3

age related decline in body water includes

Answer 3

• diminished thirst sensation
• decrease in urine concentrating ability of the kidney
• decrease in effectiveness of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

Question 4

what can dehydration cause

Answer 4

hypovolemia

Question 5

excess of fluid volume can cause

Answer 5

hypervolemia

Question 6

minerals or salts that are dissolved in body fluid

Answer 6

electrolytes

Question 7

major electrolytes

Answer 7

• sodium
• potassium
• calcium
• magnesium
• phosphate
• chloride
• bicarbonate

Question 8

normal range for sodium

Answer 8

135-145 mEq/L

Question 9

range for potassium

Answer 9

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 10

range for calcium

Answer 10

8.4-10.6 mg/dL

Question 11

range for magnesium

Answer 11

1.3-2.1 mg/dL

Question 12

range for phosphate

Answer 12

2.7-4.5 mg/dL

Question 13

range for chloride

Answer 13

96-106 mEq/L

Question 14

range for bicarbonate

Answer 14

22-26 mEq/L

Question 15

function of sodium

Answer 15

• Na+
• cation of the extracellular fluid
• regulates water balance

Question 16

nonelectrolytes

Answer 16

• amino acids
• glucose
• fatty acids

Question 17

red cells

Answer 17

erythrocytes

Question 18

white cells

Answer 18

leukocytes

Question 19

platelets

Answer 19

thrombocytes

Question 20

within the cell

Answer 20

intracellular

Question 21

outside the cell

Answer 21

extracellular

Question 22

3 types of extracellular fluid

Answer 22

• intravascular
• interstitial
• transcellular

Question 23

removal of water from a tissue

Answer 23

dehydration

Question 24

decreased volume of plasma

Answer 24

hypovolemia

Question 25

extracellular fluid

Answer 25

- 1/3 of body water - transports water, nutrients, oxygen to/from the cell - high in sodium content

Question 26

intravascular fluid

Answer 26

- within the blood vessels - consists of plasma and fluid w/in blood cells - contains large amounts of protein & electrolytes

Question 27

interstitial fluid

Answer 27

- in spaces surrounding the cells | - high in sodium content

Question 28

transcellular fluid

Answer 28

-aqueous humor, saliva, pleural, peritoneal

Question 29

intracellular fluid

Answer 29

- 2/3 of body fluid - contained w/in the cell walls - high in potassium content

Question 30

what moves by diffusion

Answer 30

- glucose - oxygen - carbon dioxide - water

Question 31

signs of overhydration

Answer 31

- weight gain - crackles in the lungs - slow bounding pulse - elevated blood pressure

Question 32

excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid

Answer 32

edema

Question 33

excess interstitial fluid is spread throughout the body

Answer 33

generalized edema

Question 34

causes of generalized edema

Answer 34

- kidney failure - heart failure - liver failure - hormonal disorders

Question 35

edema that is caused by infection or injury and results in inflammation

Answer 35

local edema

Question 36

urine pH

Answer 36

4.6-6.8

Question 37

urine of specific gravity

Answer 37

1.016-1.022

Question 38

normal pH

Answer 38

7.35-7.45

Question 39

a measure of the degree to which a solution is acidic or alkaline

Answer 39

pH

Question 40

function on bicarbonate

Answer 40

acts as a buffer to neutralize the excess acids in the body

Question 41

3 control mechanisms for pH

Answer 41

- blood buffer system - the lungs - the urinary system

Question 42

PaCO2

Answer 42

35-45

Question 43

HCO3

Answer 43

22-26

Question 44

fluids inside the blood vessels

Answer 44

intravascular

Question 45

fluids between the blood vessels and the cells

Answer 45

interstitial

Question 46

water regulation and balance

Answer 46

sodium

Question 47

nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, plasma, acid base balance

Answer 47

potassium

Question 48

muscle activity, blood coagulation

Answer 48

calcium

Question 49

nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction

Answer 49

magnesium

Question 50

ATP production

Answer 50

phosphate

Question 51

hydrochloric acid production, acid base balance

Answer 51

chloride

Question 52

acid base balance, buffers

Answer 52

bicarbonate