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xxx Term 2: BIO 202.2 Human A&P II > Chapter 25:Endocrine Regulation And Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 25:Endocrine Regulation And Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 5 major hormones of the endocrine glands?

A

Tropic, sex, anabolic, steroid, and nonsteroid hormones

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2
Q

How are steroid hormones molecules manufactured?

A

By endocrine cells from cholesterol.

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3
Q

Which hormone stimulate anabolism in target cells?

A

Steroid hormones

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4
Q

What is the function of steroid hormones?

A

Synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble. Ex: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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5
Q

What does synergism involve?

A

It involves combinations of hormones acting together to have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone

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6
Q

In regulation of hormone secretion, what is up-regulation and down-regulation?

A

Up-regulation: increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivity

Down-regulation: decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity

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7
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Master gland

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8
Q

Adenohypopyhsis

A

Anterior pituitary gland of the pituitary gland

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9
Q

Adenohypopysis

A

Pars anterior forms the major portion of the adenohypophysis and pars intermedia

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10
Q

Name the 5 functional types of secretory cells

A

Somatotropin, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs

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11
Q

Somatotrophs

A

Secrete GH

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12
Q

Corticotrohphs

A

Secrete ATCH (adrenocorticotropin)

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13
Q

Thyrotrophs

A

Secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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14
Q

Lactotrophs

A

Secrete prolactin

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15
Q

Gonadotrops

A

Secrete LH and FSH

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16
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Tends to shift cell and chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased blood glucose levels

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17
Q

GH is also known as

A

Somatotropin (STH)

18
Q

During pregnancy, Prolactin (PRL) promotes development of the breasts anticipating what?

A

Milk secretion; after the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother’s MAMMARY GLANDS to produce milk

19
Q

TSH is also known as

A

Thyrotropin

20
Q

ACTH is also known as:

A

Adrenocorticotropin

21
Q

What is the function of the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a female?

A

It stimulates primary OVARIAN FOLLICLES to grow towards maturity and stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens

22
Q

FSH and LH are called:

A

Gonadotropins because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads

23
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the control of secretion in the adenohypophysis?

A

The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the hypophyseal portal system

24
Q

What is the function of the hypophyseal portal system?

A

Carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the adenohypophysis, where the target cells of the relapsing hormones are located

25
Q

Through negative feedback in the control of secretion in the adenohypophysis

A

The hypothalamus adjust the secretions of the adenohypophysis, which then adjusts the secretions of the target glands that in turn adjust the activity of their target tissues

26
Q

Oxytocin is produced by the

A

Hypothalamus and has at least two primary actions

1) Causes milk ejection from the lactating breast, which is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism
2) Stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during and after childbirth, which is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism

27
Q

Thyroid Hormone: Which hormone is more abundant and what is its importance?

A

T4 (Tetraiodythronine): it contains 4 iodine atoms and its major importance is as a precursor to T3

28
Q

Thyroid Hormones: Which hormone is considered a principle hormone?

A

T3 Triiodothyronine: It binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells.

29
Q

How does the thyroid gland store and secrete their hormone?

A

The thyroid gland stores considerable amounts of a preliminary form of its hormones before secreting them.

  1. Before being stored in the colloid of follicles, T3 and T4 are attached to globulin molecules to form thyroglobulin complexes

3

30
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormones?

A

Help to regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a general target.

31
Q

What is a parathyroid hormone?

A

PTH: is an antagonist to calcitonin and the primary hormone that maintains calcium homeostasis

32
Q

Adrenal Gland: Which zone secretes aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa of the cortex

33
Q

Adrenal gland: which zone secretes abundant amounts of glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol?

A

Zona fasciculata

34
Q

Adrenal glands: which zone secretes minute amounts of sex hormones and glucocorticoids?

A

Zona reticularis

35
Q

Which hormone does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids

Outermost layer

36
Q

Which hormone does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids

Middle layer

37
Q

Which hormone does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Small amounts of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

Inner layer

38
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions

39
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Are essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine in reaching their full effect, thereby causing vasoconstriction

40
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secretes two important hormones: Epinephrine (Epi) and Norepinephrine (NE or NR), which are part of the class of nonsteroid hormones called catecholamines

41
Q

Which tissues compose the pancreatic islets?

A

Endocrine and exocrine tissue

xxx Term 2: BIO 202.2 Human A&P II (20 decks)

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