Chapter 25:Endocrine Regulation And Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands Flashcards
Name the 5 major hormones of the endocrine glands?
Tropic, sex, anabolic, steroid, and nonsteroid hormones
How are steroid hormones molecules manufactured?
By endocrine cells from cholesterol.
Which hormone stimulate anabolism in target cells?
Steroid hormones
What is the function of steroid hormones?
Synthesized from cholesterol and are lipid soluble. Ex: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
What does synergism involve?
It involves combinations of hormones acting together to have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone
In regulation of hormone secretion, what is up-regulation and down-regulation?
Up-regulation: increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivity
Down-regulation: decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
Master gland
Adenohypopyhsis
Anterior pituitary gland of the pituitary gland
Adenohypopysis
Pars anterior forms the major portion of the adenohypophysis and pars intermedia
Name the 5 functional types of secretory cells
Somatotropin, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs
Somatotrophs
Secrete GH
Corticotrohphs
Secrete ATCH (adrenocorticotropin)
Thyrotrophs
Secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Lactotrophs
Secrete prolactin
Gonadotrops
Secrete LH and FSH
Growth hormone (GH)
Tends to shift cell and chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased blood glucose levels
GH is also known as
Somatotropin (STH)
During pregnancy, Prolactin (PRL) promotes development of the breasts anticipating what?
Milk secretion; after the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother’s MAMMARY GLANDS to produce milk
TSH is also known as
Thyrotropin
ACTH is also known as:
Adrenocorticotropin
What is the function of the Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a female?
It stimulates primary OVARIAN FOLLICLES to grow towards maturity and stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens
FSH and LH are called:
Gonadotropins because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads
What is the function of the hypothalamus in the control of secretion in the adenohypophysis?
The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the hypophyseal portal system
What is the function of the hypophyseal portal system?
Carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the adenohypophysis, where the target cells of the relapsing hormones are located
Through negative feedback in the control of secretion in the adenohypophysis
The hypothalamus adjust the secretions of the adenohypophysis, which then adjusts the secretions of the target glands that in turn adjust the activity of their target tissues
Oxytocin is produced by the
Hypothalamus and has at least two primary actions
1) Causes milk ejection from the lactating breast, which is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism
2) Stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during and after childbirth, which is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism
Thyroid Hormone: Which hormone is more abundant and what is its importance?
T4 (Tetraiodythronine): it contains 4 iodine atoms and its major importance is as a precursor to T3
Thyroid Hormones: Which hormone is considered a principle hormone?
T3 Triiodothyronine: It binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells.
How does the thyroid gland store and secrete their hormone?
The thyroid gland stores considerable amounts of a preliminary form of its hormones before secreting them.
- Before being stored in the colloid of follicles, T3 and T4 are attached to globulin molecules to form thyroglobulin complexes
3
What is the function of thyroid hormones?
Help to regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a general target.
What is a parathyroid hormone?
PTH: is an antagonist to calcitonin and the primary hormone that maintains calcium homeostasis
Adrenal Gland: Which zone secretes aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa of the cortex
Adrenal gland: which zone secretes abundant amounts of glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol?
Zona fasciculata
Adrenal glands: which zone secretes minute amounts of sex hormones and glucocorticoids?
Zona reticularis
Which hormone does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
Mineralocorticoids
Outermost layer
Which hormone does the zona fasciculata secrete?
Glucocorticoids
Middle layer
Which hormone does the zona reticularis secrete?
Small amounts of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids
Inner layer
Aldosterone
Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions
Glucocorticoids
Are essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine in reaching their full effect, thereby causing vasoconstriction
Adrenal medulla
Secretes two important hormones: Epinephrine (Epi) and Norepinephrine (NE or NR), which are part of the class of nonsteroid hormones called catecholamines
Which tissues compose the pancreatic islets?
Endocrine and exocrine tissue
