A&P Quiz #3: Study Guide Questions from Chapters 25, 26, 27 and 42 Flashcards
- The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are:
a. hormones.
b. neurotransmitters.
c. target tissues.
d. target organs.
- a. hormones.
p. 562
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Which of the following statements is true of the endocrine system?
a. The cells secreting the chemical messengers are called neurons.
b. The distance traveled by the chemical messengers is short (across a microscopic synapse).
c. Its effects are slow to appear, yet long-lasting.
d. None of the above.
- c. Its effects are slow to appear, yet long-lasting.
p. 563
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
a. pineal
b. placenta
c. parathyroid
d. intestines
- d. intestines
p. 564
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- The neuroendocrine system performs all of the following functions except:
a. communication.
b. control.
c. conduction.
d. integration.
- c. conduction.
p. 563
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- The many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues can be classified simply as:
a. steroid or nonsteroid hormones.
b. anabolic or catabolic hormones.
c. sex or nonsex hormones.
d. tropic or hypotropic hormones.
- a. steroid or nonsteroid hormones.
p. 564
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Nonsteroid hormones include:
a. proteins.
b. peptides.
c. glycoproteins.
d. all of the above.
- d. all of the above.
p. 564
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Anabolic hormones:
a. target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
b. target reproductive tissue.
c. stimulate anabolism in their target cells.
d. stimulate catabolism in their target cells.
- c. stimulate anabolism in their target cells.
p. 564
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- The second messenger often involved in nonsteroid hormone action is:
a. cAMP.
b. mRNA.
c. ATP.
d. GTP.
- a. cAMP.
p. 568
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- The control of hormone secretion is:
a. usually part of a negative feedback loop.
b. rarely part of a positive feedback loop.
c. both a and b.
d. none of the above.
- c. both a and b.
pp. 569 and 570
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- When a small amount of hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell, the phenomenon is called:
a. synergism.
b. permissiveness.
c. antagonism.
d. combination.
- b. permissiveness.
p. 567
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Eicosanoids are referred to as:
a. growth hormones.
b. tissue hormones.
c. target cells.
d. thyroxins.
- b. tissue hormones.
p. 572
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Which of the following is false?
a. Eicosanoids tend to integrate activities of neighboring cells.
b. The first prostaglandin was discovered in semen.
c. Aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis.
d. PGFs have been used to induce labor and accelerate delivery of a baby.
- c. Aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis.
p. 573
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- If norepinephrine diffuses into the blood and then binds to an adrenergic receptor in a distant target cell, it is known as a:
a. hormone.
b. neurotransmitter.
c. second messenger.
d. none of the above.
- a. hormone.
p. 563
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- All steroid hormones are derived from which common molecule?
a. amino acid
b. peptide
c. cholesterol
d. protein
- c. cholesterol
p. 564
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Which of the following is not a peptide?
a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. oxytocin (OT)
c. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
d. testosterone
- d. testosterone
p. 564
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- Combinations of hormones will have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone. This phenomenon is called:
a. permissiveness.
b. synergism.
c. antagonism.
d. transduction.
- b. synergism.
p. 567
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- The target cell concept is an example of the _______ model of chemical reactions.
a. lock-and-key
b. signal transduction
c. mobile-receptor
d. nuclear-receptor
- a. lock-and-key
p. 567
Chapter 25: Endocrine Regulation
- The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the:
a. physis.
b. infundibulum.
c. pars intermedia.
d. none of the above.
- b. infundibulum.
p. 580
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis is called the:
a. hypophyseal portal system.
b. hepatic portal system.
c. releasing hormone portal system.
d. both a and c.
- a. hypophyseal portal system.
p. 583
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which of the following links the nervous system with the endocrine system?
a. pituitary
b. pineal gland
c. thalamus
d. hypothalamus
- d. hypothalamus
p. 585
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Hypersecretion of prolactin can cause:
a. insufficient milk production in nursing women.
b. atrophy of breast tissue in non-nursing women.
c. impotence in men.
d. both a and b.
- c. impotence in men.
p. 582
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships between human body systems and the brain:
a. are not believed to exist.
b. are a real phenomenon.
c. have a minimal effect on human physiology.
d. none of the above.
- b. are a real phenomenon.
p. 585
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which thyroid hormone is released in greatest quantity?
a. T3
b. T4
c. triiodothyronine
d. calcitonin
- b. T4
p. 588
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The principal thyroid hormone is:
a. thyroxine.
b. triiodothyronine.
c. T4.
d. both a and c.
- b. triiodothyronine.
p. 588
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The two lobes of the thyroid are connected by the:
a. infundibulum.
b. isthmus.
c. peninsula.
d. islet.
- b. isthmus.
p. 587
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- High blood calcium levels can cause all of the following except:
a. constipation.
b. muscle spasms.
c. lethargy.
d. coma.
- b. muscle spasms.
p. 591
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- PTH increases calcium absorption in the intestines by activating:
a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin C.
c. vitamin D.
d. iron.
- c. vitamin D.
p. 590
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
a. aldosterone
b. epinephrine
c. adrenal androgens
d. adrenal estrogens
- b. epinephrine
p. 594
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal medulla?
a. epinephrine
b. norepinephrine
c. adrenaline
d. all of the above are secreted by the adrenal medulla
- d. all of the above are secreted by the adrenal medulla
p. 595
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The most physiologically important mineralocorticoid is:
a. aldosterone.
b. angiotensin II.
c. renin.
d. angiotensin I.
- a. aldosterone.
p. 593
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Glucagon functions to:
a. promote the entry of glucose into cells.
b. convert glucose into glycogen.
c. increase blood glucose concentration.
d. decrease blood glucose concentration.
- c. increase blood glucose concentration.
p. 596
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Insulin functions to:
a. decrease blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
b. increase blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
c. inhibit the secretion of growth hormone.
d. both a and c.
- a. decrease blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
p. 596
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is:
a. progesterone.
b. estrogen.
c. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
d. none of the above.
- a. progesterone.
p. 598
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Testosterone is produced by:
a. seminiferous tubules.
b. interstitial cells.
c. LH.
d. the scrotum.
- b. interstitial cells.
p. 598
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The hormone that can be detected during the early part of a woman’s pregnancy with an over-the-counter kit is:
a. LH.
b. estrogen.
c. hCG.
d. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
- c. hCG.
p. 598
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- What does the outer zone of the adrenal cortex secrete?
a. mineralocorticoids
b. sex hormones
c. glucocorticoids
d. epinephrine
- a. mineralocorticoids
p. 592
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- From what condition does diabetes insipidus result?
a. low insulin levels
b. high glucagon levels
c. low antidiuretic hormone levels
d. high steroid levels
- c. low antidiuretic hormone levels
p. 586
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which of the following statements is true regarding a young child whose growth is stunted, metabolism is low, sexual development is delayed, and mental development is retarded?
a. The child may suffer from cretinism.
b. The child may have an underactive thyroid.
c. Profound manifestations of the described condition may result in deformed dwarfism.
d. all of the above
- d. all of the above
p. 590
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- What can result when too much growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland?
a. hyperglycemia
b. a pituitary giant
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
- c. both a and b
p. 582
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which of the following glands is/are not regulated by the pituitary?
a. thyroid
b. ovaries
c. adrenals
d. thymus
- d. thymus
p. 580
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which of the following statements about the antidiuretic hormone is true?
a. It is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
b. It causes diabetes insipidus when produced in insufficient amounts.
c. It decreases urine volume.
d. all of the above
- d. all of the above
pp. 585 and 586
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- What controls the development of the body’s immune system?
a. pituitary
b. thymus
c. pineal body
d. thyroid
- b. thymus
p. 598
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Administration of which of the following would best treat a person suffering from rheumatoid arthritis?
a. gonadocorticoids
b. glucagon
c. mineralocorticoids
d. glucocorticoids
- d. glucocorticoids
p. 595
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- Which endocrine gland is composed of cell clusters called the islets of Langerhans?
a. adrenals
b. thyroid
c. pituitary
d. pancreas
- d. pancreas
p. 595
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The normal adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of _________________.
a. epinephrine
b. androgens
c. ADH
d. hCG
- b. androgens
p. 594
Chapter 26: Endocrine Glands
- The composition of blood is:
a. 55% plasma, 45% formed elements.
b. 45% plasma, 55% formed elements.
c. 50% plasma, 50% formed elements.
d. none of the above
- a. 55% plasma, 45% formed elements.
p. 612
Chapter 27: Blood
- A hematocrit of 45% means that in every 100 mL of whole blood:
a. there are 45 mL of red blood cells and 55 mL of plasma.
b. there are 45 mL of plasma and 55 mL of red blood cells.
c. 45% of the formed elements are red blood cells.
d. plasma is 45% of the circulating whole blood.
- a. there are 45 mL of red blood cells and 55 mL of plasma.
p. 613
Chapter 27: Blood
- Reduced red blood cell numbers cause:
a. polycythemia.
b. buffy coat.
c. anemia.
d. both a and c.
- c. anemia.
p. 613
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following formed elements carry oxygen?
a. leukocytes
b. erythrocytes
c. thrombocytes
d. monocytes
- b. erythrocytes
p. 611
Chapter 27: Blood
- All formed elements arise from which stem cell?
a. proerythroblast
b. megakaryoblast
c. lymphoblast
d. hemocytoblast
- d. hemocytoblast
p. 616
Chapter 27: Blood
- A person with antibody A in his or her plasma would have which blood type?
a. type A
b. type B
c. type AB
d. type O
- b. type B
p. 618
Chapter 27: Blood
- People with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood contains:
a. neither A nor B antigens on their RBCs.
b. both A and B antigens in their blood plasma.
c. the Rh antigen on their RBCs.
d. none of the above
- a. neither A nor B antigens on their RBCs.
p. 619
Chapter 27: Blood
- A blood type and crossmatch is performed prior to transfusion. If this procedure is not completed:
a. the blood may agglutinate.
b. blood lysis may occur.
c. a transfusion reaction may occur.
d. all of the above
- d. all of the above
p. 620
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following is not a critical component of coagulation?
a. thrombin
b. fibrinolysis
c. fibrinogen
d. fibrin
- b. fibrinolysis
p. 625
Chapter 27: Blood
- For prothrombin to be synthesized by the liver, an adequate amount of which vitamin is required?
a. vitamin A
b. vitamin C
c. vitamin D
d. vitamin K
- d. vitamin K
p. 628
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following does not hasten clotting?
a. rough spot in the endothelium
b. abnormally slow blood flow
c. heparin
d. all of the above hasten clotting
- c. heparin
p. 628
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following statements is false?
a. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic defect.
b. Leukemia is characterized by a low number of WBCs.
c. Polycythemia is characterized by an abnormally high number of erythrocytes.
d. Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12.
- b. Leukemia is characterized by a low number of WBCs.
pages 630 and 631
Chapter 27: Blood
- Deficiency in the number or function of erythrocytes is called:
a. leukemia.
b. anemia.
c. polycythemia.
d. leukopenia.
- b. anemia.
p. 615
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following statements does not describe a characteristic of leukocytes?
a. They are disc-shaped cells that do not contain a nucleus.
b. They have the ability to fight infection.
c. They provide defense against certain parasites.
d. They provide immune defense.
- a. They are disc-shaped cells that do not contain a nucleus.
p. 622
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following substances is not found in serum?
a. clotting factors
b. water
c. hormones
d. all of the above are found in serum
- a. clotting factors
p. 613
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following substances is not found in blood plasma?
a. water
b. oxygen
c. hormones
d. all of the above are found in blood plasma
- d. all of the above are found in blood plasma
p. 613
Chapter 27: Blood
- An allergic reaction may increase the number of:
a. eosinophils.
b. neutrophils.
c. lymphocytes.
d. monocytes.
- a. eosinophils.
p. 622
Chapter 27: Blood
- What is a blood clot that is moving through the body called?
a. embolism
b. fibrosis
c. heparin
d. thrombosis
- a. embolism
p. 631
Chapter 27: Blood
- When could difficulty with the Rh blood factor arise?
a. Rh-negative man and woman produce a child.
b. Rh-positive man and woman produce a child.
c. Rh-positive woman and an Rh-negative man produce a child.
d. Rh-negative woman and an Rh-positive man produce a child.
- d. Rh-negative woman and an Rh-positive man produce a child.
p. 620
Chapter 27: Blood
- What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
a. fight infection
b. produce blood clots
c. carry oxygen
d. transport hormones
- c. carry oxygen
p. 615
Chapter 27: Blood
- Are any of the following steps not involved in blood clot formation?
a. A blood vessel is injured and platelet factors are formed.
b. Thrombin is converted into prothrombin.
c. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin.
d. All of the above are involved in blood clot formation.
- b. Thrombin is converted into prothrombin.
p. 625
Chapter 27: Blood
- Which of the following is regulated by the kidneys?
a. water content of the blood
b. blood pH level
c. blood ion concentration
d. all of the above
- d. all of the above
p. 966
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The medial surface of each kidney has a notch called the:
a. medulla.
b. cortex.
c. hilum.
d. pelvis.
- c. hilum.
p. 968
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- At the beginning of the “plumbing system” of the urinary system, urine leaving the renal papilla is collected in the cuplike structures called:
a. renal columns.
b. renal pyramids.
c. calyces.
d. ureters.
- c. calyces.
p. 968
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The functional unit of the kidney is the:
a. renal corpuscle.
b. nephron.
c. juxtaglomerular apparatus.
d. Bowman’s capsule.
- b. nephron.
p. 971
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following is a component of the renal corpuscle?
a. glomerulus
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. afferent arteriole
d. both a and b
- d. both a and b
p. 972
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following structures secretes renin when blood pressure in the afferent arteriole drops?
a. renal tubule
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. juxtaglomerular apparatus
d. both a and b
- c. juxtaglomerular apparatus
p. 976
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Substances pass from the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule by:
a. diffusion.
b. active transport.
c. filtration.
d. osmosis.
- c. filtration.
p. 978
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The juxtaglomerular cells reside in the:
a. afferent arteriole.
b. efferent arteriole.
c. proximal convoluted tubule.
d. distal convoluted tubule.
- a. afferent arteriole.
p. 976
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following is not one of the processes of urine formation?
a. filtration
b. diffusion
c. reabsorption
d. secretion
- b. diffusion
p. 978
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The movement of water and solutes from the plasma in the glomerulus, across the glomerular- capsular membrane, and into the capsular space of the Bowman’s capsule is termed:
a. filtration.
b. diffusion.
c. reabsorption.
d. secretion.
- a. filtration.
p. 978
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion is:
a. filtration.
b. diffusion.
c. reabsorption.
d. secretion.
- d. secretion.
p. 978
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Under normal conditions, most water, electrolytes, and nutrients are reabsorbed in the:
a. proximal convoluted tubule.
b. distal convoluted tubule.
c. Henle loop.
d. collecting duct.
- a. proximal convoluted tubule.
p. 980
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following is considered a countercurrent structure?
a. glomerulus
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. Henle loop
d. distal convoluted tubule
- c. Henle loop
p. 981
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Water loss from the blood is reduced by:
a. ADH.
b. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
c. aldosterone.
d. both a and c.
- d. both a and c.
p. 985
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Dysuria is a term describing:
a. blood in the urine.
b. pus in the urine.
c. painful urination.
d. absence of urine.
- c. painful urination.
p. 990
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- All of the following are normal contents of urine except:
a. nitrogenous wastes.
b. hormones.
c. pigments.
d. plasma proteins.
- d. plasma proteins.
p. 989
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following is not symptomatic of diabetes mellitus?
a. copious urination
b. glycosuria
c. anuria
d. diuresis
- c. anuria
pages 981 and 985
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following processes is used by the artificial kidney to remove waste materials from the blood?
a. pinocytosis
b. dialysis
c. catheterization
d. active transport
- b. dialysis
p. 992
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Failure of the kidneys to remove wastes from the blood will result in which of the following?
a. retention
b. anuria
c. incontinence
d. uremia
- d. uremia
p. 993
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Hydrogen ions are transferred from blood into the urine during which of the following processes?
a. secretion
b. filtration
c. reabsorption
d. all of the above
- a. secretion
p. 984
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following conditions would be considered normal in an infant younger than 2 years of age?
a. retention
b. cystitis
c. incontinence
d. anuria
- c. incontinence
p. 989
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Which of the following steps involved in urine formation allows the blood to retain most body nutrients?
a. secretion
b. filtration
c. reabsorption
d. all of the above
- c. reabsorption
p. 980
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- Voluntary control of micturition is achieved by the action of which of the following?
a. internal urethral sphincter
b. external urethral sphincter
c. trigone
d. bladder muscles
- b. external urethral sphincter
p. 971
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- What are the capillary loops contained within Bowman’s capsule called?
a. convoluted tubules
b. glomeruli
c. limbs of Henle
d. collecting ducts
- b. glomeruli
p. 972
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney are known as:
a. pyramids.
b. papillae.
c. calyces.
d. nephrons.
- a. pyramids.
p. 968
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- The trigone is located in the:
a. kidney.
b. bladder.
c. ureter.
d. urethra.
- b. bladder.
p. 969
Chapter 42: Urinary System
- What is the structure that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder called?
a. urethra
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. ureter
d. renal pelvis
- c. ureter
p. 969
Chapter 42: Urinary System