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Anatomy > Chapter 24 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gut

A

alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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2
Q

Endocrine

A

no duct

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3
Q

Exocrine

A

exit

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4
Q

Foregut

A

mouth -> duodenum

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5
Q

Midgut

A

jejunum and ileum

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6
Q

Hindgut

A

colon -> rectum

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7
Q

bolus formation

A

swallow-able mass

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8
Q

Vestibule

A

space btw lips/cheeks & teeth

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9
Q

Gingiva

A

mucosa covering alveolar bone/hard palate

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10
Q

4 tonsils; how many paired salivary glands?

A

3

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11
Q

3 salivary glands:

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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12
Q

Function of saliva

A
  • cleanses teeth, moistens food

- contains enzyme amylase: break down starch

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13
Q

Tongue

A
  • muscular hydrostat=constant volume

- anchored to hyoid and jaw

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14
Q

Tongue too tightly bound to floor of mouth?

A

ankyloglossia

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15
Q

Uvula acts as?

A

sealant

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16
Q

Hairy Tongue (Lingua Villosa)

A
  • hypertrophy of filiform papillae

- Causes: smoking, dry-mouth, oral hygiene

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17
Q

Enamel (crown)

A

hardest substance in body (calcium phosphate)

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18
Q

Dentin (body of tooth)

A

forms roots & encloses the pulp cavity

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19
Q

Endodontic disease

A
  • Root-canal procedure

- Goal: tooth ankylosis

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20
Q

Pulp cavity

A

contains blood vessels & nerves

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21
Q

Periodontal disease

A
  • probe gingival pack

- damage to tooth/alveolus

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22
Q

Incisors

A

1 root, blade-shaped cusp

8

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23
Q

Cuspids

A

1 root, conical pointed cusp

4

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24
Q

Bicuspids

A

1-2 roots, blade-like cusps

8

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25
Molars
3-4 roots, large flattened crowns | 8-12
26
Edentulous
no teeth
27
deciduous teeth
- milk/baby teeth (20) - no bicuspids - erupt @ 6 months to 2yrs
28
adult teeth
- 28-32 | - erupt @ 6-21 years
29
impacted molars
they rotated
30
How many layers of gut?
4
31
Mucosa
- innermost tunic - secretes mucus which protects the lining of gut - "pleated" appearance (plicae circularis or rugae) - lamina propria (CT) supports overlying epithelium
32
Submucosa
- exocrine glands: enzyme secretion = digest food - highly vascular = absorption of nutrients from food - Meissner's plexus of ANS fibers= controls the secretions of the submucosal glands
33
Muscularis
- 2 layers (peristalsis) - inner layer: circular muscles = decreases diameter > increase in length - outer layer: longitudinal muscles = decreases tube length > increases diameter - myenteric plexus of ANS fibers = controls peristalsis (directional) and segmentation (mixing) of chyme
34
Serosa
- outermost layer (serous membrane) | - aka visceral peritoneum
35
Esophagus
- collapsible muscular tube (2 muscle layers) | - extends from pharynx to stomach through diaphragm
36
How many layers of muscles in stomach?
3
37
Gastric juices
HCL, pepsinogen/pepsin, rennin
38
Mucous
protects walls from gastric juices
39
GERD
Gastro-Esophageal reflux disease
40
Small intestine mucosa
- more elaborate than gastric - pleated (plicae circularis) w/ villi: increase SA - columnar epithelium
41
Duodenum
- mixing bowl (chyme) - submucosal glands produce mucus + buffers - hepatopancreatic sphincter & duodenal papilla
42
Jejunum
majority of digestion & absorption
43
Ileum
final digestion, absorption, GALT
44
Ileocecal valve
controls flow of chyme into cecum
45
Large Intestine (colon)
- devoted to dehydration/compaction of chyme > feces | - smaller than small intestine
46
How many sections of large intestine?
- 5 | - cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
47
Cecum
chyme enters cecum @ ileocecal valve
48
Hepatic flexure
- right colic | - under liver
49
Splenic flexure
- left colic | - under spleen
50
Sigmoid
s-shaped bend to pass down into pelvis
51
Haustra
pouches formed by colon musculature
52
Taenia coli
3 longitudinal 'ribbons' of muscle
53
Clostridium difficile
- fecal transplant | - restores microbiome
54
What innervates ascending and transverse colon?
vagus nerve
55
What innervates descending and sigmoid colon?
pudendal nerve
56
Appendix
blind pocket, minor lymphoid function
57
Diverticula
out-pocketing of colon wall (BV's)
58
Diverticulosis
presence
59
Diverticulitis
problem
60
epiploic appendages
fat associated w. colon
61
Rectum
- feces enter = urge to defecate | - epithelium keratinized - abrasion-resistant
62
Internal anal sphincter
ANS
63
External anal sphincter
voluntary control
64
Ileostomy/colostomy
- resection of a portion of the gut | - proximal end attached to a surgical stoma (mouth) in the body wall
65
Liver
- largest organ in body | - large blood reservoir
66
Liver functions
- metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids - stores vitamins & minerals - detoxify/remove waste products - inactivate/removes various drugs & hormones - produce bile
67
How does bile break down lipids?
emulsifies (chops up)
68
Hepatic Triad
Bile duct, hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery
69
Lesser omentum
- Portal v. and Hepatic a. | - common bile duct
70
Vasculature of liver
- hepatic artery (celiac trunk) - hepatic vein (returning to IVC) - hepatic portal vein
71
Gall Bladder
stores bile
72
Bile pathway
Liver > ducts > H-P sphincter > duodenum
73
H-P sphincter close?
- bile backs-up into common bile duct > cystic duct | - gall bladder stores the bile for later use
74
Cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
75
Cholelithiasis
- presence of gallstones in gallbladder | - layers added when bile enters
76
Cirrhosis (hepatitis)
-destruction of hepatocytes due to: | exposure to drugs, viral infection, blockage of hepatic ducts
77
Hepatic Portal Hypertension
- if blood cannot drain, it finds alternate routes - backflow via portocaval anastomoses - metabolites damage brain & other organs
78
Pancreas
- btw stomach & duodenum - drains to HPV - mostly exocrine ducts
79
Endocrine secretions of pancreas
glucagon and insulin
80
glucagon
raises glucose levels in the blood
81
insulin
lowers blood glucose levels
82
Exocrine secretions of pancreas
Enzymes: proteinases, lipases, nucleases | degrades materials
83
Endocrine Secretions >
Hepatic Portal System
84
Exocrine secretions >
pancreatic duct > duodenum
85
Mesentery
- durable, double layer - suspends GI tract from walls of the cavity - supports/protects NAVL - abrasion resistant
86
Mesentery Proper
encloses the jejunum and ileum
87
Duodenum position?
secondarily retroperitoneal
88
Mesocolon
suspends transverse and sigmoid colon
89
Asc/desc colon position?
secondarily retroperitoneal
90
Lesser omentum location
between stomach and liver
91
Greter omentum (policeman)
- extends from greater curvature of stomach - fat storage & localization of infection - 4 serous membranes
92
Coronary ligament
suspends liver from diaphragm
93
falciform ligament
btw liver & abdominal wall | *contains ligamentum venosum
94
Mesogaster (greater omentum) provided blood by?
celiac trunk
95
Mesentery provided blood by?
superior mesenteric artery
96
Mesocolon provided blood by?
Inferior Mesenteric artery

Anatomy (12 decks)

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