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Anatomy > Chapter 23 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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2
Q

Diffusion of blood gasses require:

A

thin walls + moist surfaces + rich blood supply

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3
Q

Upper respiratory tract (outside the thorax)

A
  • nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses

- larynx & pharynx

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4
Q

Lower respiratory tract (within the the thorax)

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, lungs, pleural cavity

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5
Q

vestibule

A

alar cartilages support nostril

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6
Q

anterior septum formed by

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Nasal cavity purpose

A

to warm & humidify incoming air

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8
Q

Nasal vestibules lined with

A
  • sebaceous & sweat glands

- coarse hairs help filter inspired air

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9
Q

Lung development

A

diverticulum of the gut

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10
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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11
Q

Nasopharynx

A

located: btw internal nares and top of soft palate
- auditory tubes
- pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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12
Q

Soft palate

A

serves as a flap valve btw nasal cavity and pharynx

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13
Q

Oropharynx

A

located: btw soft palate and hyoid bone

- palatine and lingual tonsils

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14
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

located btw hyoid and glottis

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15
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A
  • cylinder w/ cartilage

function: surrounds and protects the glottis and trachea

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16
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: thyroid

A
  • Adam’s apple

- large, shield-shaped

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17
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: cricoid

A
  • medium-sized

- ring-shaped

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18
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: arytenoid

A
  • 2
  • anchor for vocal ligaments
  • triangle-shaped
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19
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: corniculate

A
  • 2
  • anchor for vestibular ligaments
  • small and looks like corn kernels
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20
Q

Laryngeal cartilages: cuneiform

A
  • 2

- stabilize epiglottis from below

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21
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • sheet of elastic cartilage
  • hinged: folds over to cover the glottis
  • valve that diverts food to esophagus (protect airway)
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22
Q

False vocal cords

A

vestibular ligament + vestibular fold

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23
Q

True vocal cords

A

vocal ligament + vocal fold

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24
Q

True vocal cord specifics

A
  • male cords longer than females

- tension and spacing of cords = sound, pitch, volume

25
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A
  • tough, flexible tube, connect larynx to lungs

- lined w/ respiratory epithelium

26
Q

C-shaped cartilages in trachea

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • connected w/ annular ligaments
  • posterior gap
27
Q

Carina

A

where trachea divides to form R&L primary bronchi

28
Q

Tracheostomy

A

surgical opening in trachea to allow passage of air

29
Q

Bronchial tree

A
  • Right is longer & aligned with trachea
  • degree of compliance increases
  • cartilage support decreases
30
Q

Secondary bronchi

A
  • lobar
  • right side: 3
  • left side: 2
31
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

segmental

32
Q

Bronchial tree organization

A
  • bronchi split into bronchioles
  • bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles terminate in several alveoli
33
Q

Bronchodilation

A

sympathetic ANS

34
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

parasympathetic ANS

35
Q

Surfactant

A
  • compound that lowers the surface tension btw surface

- EX: detergents, dispersants, wetting agents

36
Q

Alveoli

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • very thin walls
  • vascular
37
Q

What does the elastic fibers in alveoli do?

A

push air out of segment

38
Q

What produces surfactant in alveoli?

A

septal cells

39
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • premature babies don’t produce enough surfactant
  • alveolar walls stick together = alveolar collapse
  • blue baby
40
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

41
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

42
Q

Components of mediastinum

A
  • heart, aorta, vena cavae, trachea, root of lung

- esophagus, thymus, CN X, phrenic nerves

43
Q

Pleural and Pericardial cavities?

A
  • potential space

- btw parietal and visceral

44
Q

Serous fluid

A

-surface tension hold membranes together and the lung to the chest cavity

45
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  1. air enters pleural cavity
  2. serous fluid can no longer maintain pleural contact
  3. lungs collapse
46
Q

Sucking wounds

A
  • elastic tissue draws the lung into a dense lump of tissue

- collapse draws air through open wound

47
Q

Pleural adhesions

A

-damage to visceral & parietal membranes
(smoking, pneumonia)
-body confused and grows adhesions btw visceral & parietal layers
-painful during deep breaths, body movements

48
Q

Emphysema

A
  • destruction of alveoli
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • loss of surface area for gas exchange = shortness of breath
49
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A
  • blood clot in lungs that block pulmonary blood vessels

- Result: infarction/necrosis

50
Q

Inspiration

A

-diaphragm contracts
(increases volume of thorax)
-compresses abdominal contests
-pressure decreases (vacuum); air pulled into lungs

51
Q

Forced inspiration

A

Muscles used to raise rib cage:

external intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

52
Q

Expiration

A

Passive: -elasticity of thoracic wall, alveoli, bronchial tree
Result: rebound of abdominal contents

53
Q

Forced expiration

A
  • abdominal wall muscles compress gut
  • internal intercostal muscles compress rib cage
  • decreased thoracic volume: air forced out of lungs
54
Q

Respiratory centers

A

pons + medulla oblongata

55
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

lung volume + blood pressure

56
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

CO2 + O2 + blood in pH

57
Q

cough

A

reflex to protect respiratory tract

58
Q

respiratory diaphragm

A
  • skeletal muscle

- voluntary control via Phrenic nerve

59
Q

Autonomic nuclei in medulla oblongata

A
  • pacemaker

- involuntary control via Phrenic nerve

Anatomy (12 decks)

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