Chapter 22 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Arteries always…
divide
Veins always…
combine
3 layers of blood vessels
- Tunica interna
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
Tunica interna
thin endothelium
Tunica media
- smooth muscle
- adjust BV diameter
Tunica externa
CT sheath around outside of vessel
Arteries
- away
- convoluted to help w/ blood flow
Veins
To
Arteries
-round, thick walls
Tunica interna for arteries
internal elastic membrane
Tunica externa for arteries
collagen and elastic fibers
Veins
not always round, thin walls
Tunica interna for veins
smooth walls, no elastic membrane
Tunica media for veins
thin muscle layer
Tunica media for arteries
thick muscle layer
Tunica externa for veins
collagen and few elastic fibers
Lymphatics
- return lymph (interstitial fluid) to heart
- very thin-walled vessels with small valves
Most blood in?
skin, gut, liver, veins
Vasoconstriction (ANS)
decrease in diameter
Vasodilation (ANS)
- increase in diameter
- passive
Sympathetic response
- vasodilation of cap. beds in muscles
- vasoconstriction of cap. beds in gut
Parasympathetic response
-vasodilation of cap. beds in gut
damage in heart
fills up with plaque
Arteriosclerosis
abnormal thickening/rigidity of arteries
Aneurysm
bulge (dilation) in weakened arterial wall
Arteriosclerotic vascular disease
- vascular inflammatory response
- build-up of lipoproteins/cholesterol
Ischemia
restricted blood supply to an organ
Cerebrovascular accident
- stroke
- hemorrhagic or ischemic
Varicose veins
veins swollen/distorted by valve failure & lose elasticity
Hemorrhoids
varicose veins of the rectum & anus
Back of arm superficial vein
cephalic
Inside of arm superficial vein
basilic vein
elbow pit superficial vein
median cubital
anterior medial leg superficial vein
great saphenous
lateral leg superficial vein
small saphenous
What separates thoracic aorta from abdominal aorta?
diaphragm
Branches off of aorta R->
Brachiocephalic, carotid, subclavian
Stent
tube in vessel to create normal diameter
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
- existing & transplanted arteries
- help reinstate blood flow
Dissection of vessel
inside membrane rips and decreases diameter
Collateral arteries
- to side
- redundant vascular supply
Skin & muscles on head supplied by…
external carotid a.
Brain tissue supplied by…
- internal carotid a.
- vertebral a.
What branches off subclavian arteries?
vertebral a.
Arterial Circle aka Circle of Willis
- encircles pituitary gland
- formed by: internal carotid a. & basilar a.
- distribution ‘hub’
- important pharmaceutical/physiological properties
Vascular anastomoses
connected vessel (repair)
Neural tissue must be isolated from general circulation
circulating chemicals have disruptive effects
Astrocytes (neuroglia) & endothelial cells
- restricted permeability
- control chemical exchange btw brain & blood
Capillaries of the choroid plexus
permeable: secretion of CSF
Capillaries in hypothalamus & epithalamus
permeable: secretion of hormones into circulation
Dural sinuses drain to…
internal jugular veins
Blood from brain stem drains to…
vertebral veins
Scalp, skin, muscles drain to…
external jugular vein
Brachiocephalic v.
vertebral + jugular + subclavian
brachiocephalic veins & arteries
2 brachiocephalic veins
1 brachiocephalic artery
Celiac Trunk: Cowboys Love Sex
- hepatic a. > liver
- left gastric a. > stomach
- splenic a. > spleen, 1/2 pancreas
Superior Mesenteric Artery: MRI
- middle colic a. > transverse colon
- right colic a. > ascending colon
- intestinal a. > 1/2 pancreas, small intestine, appendix
Inferior Mesenteric Artery: Liquor Stings Rectum
- left colic a. > descending colon
- sigmoidal a. > sigmoid colon
- rectal a. > rectum
Portal vein
- vessel btw 2 capillary beds
- sends oxygen-deficient blood to liver for filtration
Hepatic Portal System
- Liver receives blood from two sources:
- celiac a. > common hepatic a. > proper hepatic a. - Liver filters/modifies substances in the blood
- Liver is drained by hepatic v. to inferior vena cava
Hepatic Portal Vein
- nutrient-laden blood in GI tract
- oxygen-deficient
Large intestine=
colon
Fetal circulation
- lungs are non-functional
- liver/kidneys are somewhat functional
- digestive tract has nothing to digest
Placenta
extraordinary mass of capillary beds
Foramen Ovale (shunt)
- interatrial septum
- reduces amount of blood passing to RV
Ductus Arteriosus (shunt)
- btw pulmonary trunk & aorta
- blood in RV sent into aorta
Blood flow in fetal circulation
internal iliac a > umbilical a. > placenta
Ductus Venosus (shunt)
- bypasses fetal liver
- sends to inferior vena cava
Ductus Venosus turns into…
ligamentum venosum
Ductus Arteriosus turns into…
Ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen Ovale turns into…
Fossa ovalis
Pulmonary veins & umbilical vein carries
oxygenated blood
How long does it take for shunts to close?
3-months
Foramen ovale & Ductus arteriosus doesn’t close?
blue baby
Coarctation of the aorta
- aorta (not ductus arteriosus) closes
- critical to develop collateral circulation
Tetralogy of Fallot
- pulmonary stenosis (is too small)
- right ventricular hypertrophy (is too big)
- ventricular septal defect
- a large aorta over-rides both R/L ventricles
Functions of the lymphatic system
- lymphocytes
- return interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood
- maintain osmotic balance in peripheral tissues
Lymphopoiesis
production of lymphocytes
-bone marrow, thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues
Lymphoid organs
tonsils, spleen, GALT, thymus, lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
lymphatic capillaries
Lymph
fluid similar to plasma but with fewer proteins
Neurovascular bundle
artery, vein, lymphatic, nerve
Lymphatic Vessels
- larger
- valves
Right lymphatic duct drains…
the right arm, shoulder, and head
Left lymphatic duct drains
everything else
R&L lymphatic ducts
return lymph to R&L subclavian veins
Edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in peripheral tissues
Conotruncus
aorta & pulmonary twists
Lymph Nodes
- small, widespread
- filtering system for circulating lymph
- location of fixed macrophages
Tonsils
- encircle opening to the resp/dig systems
- 3
- identify pathogens from inspired air/ ingested food
Pharyngeal (adenoids)
roof of nasopharynx
Palatine (x2)
sides of mouth at the rear of the oral cavity
Lingual
at root of tongue
Spleen
- largest lymphoid mass
- removes abnormal RBCS/WBCS
- stores iron from recycled RBC
- initiate immune responses by B & T cells
GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
- immune response within GI tract
- Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of small intestine
