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Home Economics > Chapter 24- > Flashcards

Chapter 24- Flashcards

1
Q

What is management?

A

The skilful use of resources

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2
Q

What is a resource?

A

A resources something we can use to help us achieve our goals

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3
Q

What are the human resources?

A

Time
Energy
Skill

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4
Q

What are the economic resources?

A

Money

Property

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5
Q

What are the environmental resources?

A

Trees
Water
Air
Light

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6
Q

What is a goal?

A

Something we want to achieve

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7
Q

What is home management?

A

The effcient running of the home

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8
Q

What are the tasks involved in running a home?

A
  • budgeting
  • child care
  • shopping
  • laundry
  • cooking
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9
Q

What are the steps of the management system?

A
  1. Goals: Set out what needs to be done
  2. Resources: Set out the resources that are needed to achieve the goals
  3. Plan: Plan the steps to be followed e.g cookery time plans,work rota, shopping lists
  4. Action: Put the plan into action (describe what happened)
  5. Evaluate: Were there ways to improve the plan, could it have been completed faster, were all the resources used efficiently
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10
Q

What are the type of shelters?

A
  • houses
  • apartments/flats
  • bedsits
  • caravans/mobile homes/houseboats
  • sheltered housing (groups of housing built for elderly/disabled people)
  • residential accommodation
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11
Q

What basic needs does a home provide?

A
  • physical needs (shelter, warmth)
  • emotional needs (safety, security)
  • social needs
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12
Q

Factors to be considered when choosing a family home?

A
  • location
  • size
  • cost
  • personals preferences
  • energy efficiency
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13
Q

What is an amenity?

A

A useful or pleasant facility

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14
Q

What are statutory services in a community?

A
  • gardai
  • postal service
  • social welfare
  • public libraries
  • hospitals
  • education
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15
Q

What are voluntary services in a community?

A
  • youth clubs
  • GAA clubs
  • ISPCC
  • St Vincent de Paul
  • rehab
  • neighbourhood watch
  • meals on wheels
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16
Q

What are the features of design?

A
  • function
  • colour
  • form
  • texture
  • pattern
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17
Q

What are the primary colours?

A

Red
Yellow
Blue

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18
Q

How are secondary colours made?

A

By mixing two primary colours

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19
Q

How are tertiary colours made?

A

By mixing two primary colours

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20
Q

What do warm colours make a room seem like?

A

Warm and cosy

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21
Q

What do cool colours do to a home?

A

They create a cool, calm environment

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22
Q

What do strong colours do in a room?

A

They make a room look smaller

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23
Q

What do light colours do to a room?

A

They make it seem bigger

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24
Q

What are the effects of different lines on objects?

A
  1. Vertical lines: make object seem taller
  2. Horizontal lines: make an object seem wider
  3. Diagonal lines: create a dramatic effect
  4. Curved lines: soft and graceful
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25
Q

How can texture effect the atmosphere of a room?

A
  • rough textures such as brick+stone absorb sound and light creating a quiet, cozy atmosphere
  • smooth textures such as polished wood+marble reflect sound and light to create a clean, tidy effect but noisy
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26
Q

What is the effect of patterns?

A

Used to provide interest and contrast but too many patterns can create a cluttered effect

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27
Q

What are the design principles?

A
  1. Balance: equal spread of colour, pattern and texture around the room
  2. Proportion: link between the sizes of different items in the room
  3. Rhythm: this where there is a regular or repeated colour or pattern to connect each a part of the room
  4. Emphasis: part of the design which stands out
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28
Q

What are the guidelines for planning the layout of a room?

A
  • consider the function of the room
  • safety and hygiene is important in kitchens and bathrooms
  • consider whether the room is ventilated
  • plan for storage space
  • consider existing fixtures and fittings as they will influence the layout of the room
  • consider the aspect
  • consider the traffic flow
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29
Q

What is the traffic flow of a room?

A

The free movement of a room, with enough space allowed between furniture

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30
Q

What is ergonomics?

A

The study of the efficiency of people in their workplace. It involves designing equipment and room layouts to suit people so their time and energy won’t be wasted

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31
Q

What is the preparing food sequence of activities?

A
  1. Storage
  2. Preparation
  3. Cooking
  4. Serving
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32
Q

What must be considered when designing a kitchen?

A

The work sequence and the work triangle so the kitchen units and equipment should be arranged following the work sequence

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33
Q

What are the three main causes of accidents?

A
  1. People- may be careless or untidy
  2. Buildings- may be badly designed, maintained or poor lighting
  3. Objects- equipment may be faulty
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34
Q

How can a person prevent an accident involving electricity?

A
  • never handle anything electrical with wet hands
  • never take anything electrical into the bathroom
  • look for safety symbols on all appliances
  • never overload sockets or try to repair frayed flexes
  • ensure appliances are wired correctly with the correct fuse
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35
Q

How can a person prevent an accident involving fire?

A
  • use a fire guard around open fires
  • install smoke alarms and test them regularly
  • keep a fire extinguisher and a fire blanket around the house
  • switch off electrical appliances at night
  • do not fall asleep with a lit cigarette in your hand
  • never leave matches where children can get them
  • never leave frying pan unattended
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36
Q

How can you prevent falls from occurring?

A
  • ensure that small items are not left on the floor
  • wipe up spills immediately
  • don’t over-polish floors
  • install handgrips on showers and baths
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37
Q

How to prevent accidents occurring involving children?

A
  • keep plastic bags, medicine, cleaning agents out of reach
  • use short, coiled flexes on appliances
  • fit window locks and stair gates
  • ensure that babies are strapped securely
  • never leaves young child unattended near water
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38
Q

What to do in the event of a fire?

A
  • keep calm and call the fire brigade
  • ensure that everyone leaves the house by the quickest route
  • don’t stop to collect valuables
  • don’t re-enter house
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39
Q

What to do in the event of a small fire?

A

Use a fire blanket to fire extinguisher to quench the fire

-never use water on electrical items or burning oil

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40
Q

What are the aims of first aid?

A

To preserve lift
To prevent the condition from worsening
To promote recovery

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41
Q

What are the basic rules of first aid?

A
  • Act calmly and quickly
  • Don’t place yourself in harms way to aid the victim
  • Check for breathing
  • Look for pulse and check for bleeding
  • Avoid giving the victim food/drink as they may need to fast if an anaesthetic is needed
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42
Q

What is the difference between a burn and a scald?

A
  • burns are caused by dry heat (hot appliances, fire)

- scalds are caused by wet heat (steam, water)

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43
Q

What should a person do in the case of a minor burn/scald?

A
  • remove any clothing around injury before it starts to swell
  • run under cold water for 10 minutes
  • cover the burn no the surrounding area with sterile dressing
  • don’t break blisters
  • don’t apply lotion or ointment to the injury
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44
Q

What should a person do in the case of a severe burn/scald?

A
  • lay the victim down and protect the burned area from the ground
  • gently remove any clothing/accessories around the burned area
  • pour cold water over the burned area
  • cover the injury with sterile dressing
  • while waiting for help treat for possible shock
  • don’t burst blisters or apply lotions or ointments
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45
Q

What is shock?

A

Shock occurs when too little blood circulates to the brain. It can cause rapid shallow breathing, cold clammy skin, weak pulse, dizziness. Caused by severe bleeding or burns, vomiting, an allergic reaction, heart attack.

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46
Q

How dod you treat shock?

A
  • lay the victim down and use blanket to protect from cold ground
  • raise legs high as possible
  • treat my cause of shock
  • loosen tight clothing
  • don’t allow the victim to move, eat or drink
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47
Q

How to treat choking?

A
  • bend the victim over and slap him/her on the back
  • if above fails to work try the abdominal thrust (Heimlich Manoeuvre)
    1. Stand behind casualty, put your hands around them and put one fist below the rib cage
    2. Link your hands and pull sharply inwards and upwards
    3. If victim in a baby lay them face down and slap between the shoulder blades
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48
Q

How to treat cuts?

A
  • if cut is dirty, clean it by rinsing lightly under running water
  • pat dry and apply plaster
  • if there is severe bleeding from a cut, cover with a sterile dressing and apply pressure over the wound with your fingers
  • raise the wounded part above the level of the heart if possible
  • apply bandage firmly in place
  • check circulation around bandage and loosen it if necessary
  • call an ambulance if the bleeding continues
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49
Q

What is a sprain?

A

A torn or damaged ligament

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50
Q

What is a strain?

A

A pulled muscle

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51
Q

How to treat a sprain/strain?

A

RICE

REST injured part
apply ICE
COMPRESS the injury
ELEVATE the injured part

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52
Q

How to treat poisoning?

A
  • If a person has swallowed a poisonous substance take immediately to the hospital
  • bring the container of the substance to the hospital so they can decide on a treatment quicker
  • never make the victim vomit
  • if the victim is conscious and the lips are burned make them drink frequent sips of cold water or milk
  • if victim is unconscious place in the recovery position and send for an ambulance
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53
Q

What are the improvements technology has brought to the preparation of food?

A
  • refrigerators and freezers help to keep the food fresh for longer
  • kettles, blenders, juicers etc help convert food quickly into meals
  • cordless and intelligent electrical appliances improve the safety and efficiency in the kitchen
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54
Q

What are improvements to home maintenance brought on by technology?

A
  • easy to clean materials such as synthetics and plastic are now widely available
  • there are non-stick surfaces on saucepans and oven linings
  • lawnmowers have made maintaining the garden much easier
  • cleaning agents make cleaning much more efficient
  • sewing machines are easier to use and very versatile
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55
Q

What are the advantages of technology?

A
  1. Less time and energy spent on household tasks
  2. Better standards of hygiene
  3. Easier to communicate with people across the world
  4. More security in home thanks to alarm systems
  5. News more available
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56
Q

Disadvantages of technology?

A
  1. The cost of buying, running and maintaining can be high
  2. Some machines are difficult to use and to assemble
  3. Environmental problems come from the manufacturing of machines
  4. Can lead to families interacting less
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57
Q

What should you consider before buying a household appliance?

A
  • cost: initial, installation, maintaining
  • energy efficiency
  • brand (reliable and good quality?)
  • safety
  • needs: size of family and amount of use
  • ease of use
  • guarantee
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58
Q

What are the 3 main types of household appliances?

A
  1. Appliances with a motor (food mixer, processor)
  2. Appliances with a heating element (toaster, kettle
  3. Large appliances with both an element and a motor (oven, mashing machine, tumblr dryer, cookers)
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59
Q

What do all cookers consist of?

A
  • hob
  • grill
  • oven
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60
Q

What is a hob?

A

Usually four solid hot plates/coiled rings/ceramic plates.

A gas hob has four burners of various sizes

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61
Q

What are the electric features of a modern hob?

A
  • economic dual rings may be used for small saucepans
  • halogen rings use halogen bulbs fitted under ceramic plates, they heat up quickly and are easy to control
  • an induction hob creates heat inside the saucepan by generating a magnetic field
  • split levels cookers may be built into the kitchen units
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62
Q

What are the gas features of a modern hob?

A

-many gas cookers have a surface combustion grill (small flames over the heating surface to give a larger grilling area)

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63
Q

What are the features of a modern grill

A

•dual grill allows one half of the grill to be used for small amounts of food

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64
Q

What are the electric and gas features of a modern oven?

A
  • glass-panelled external oven door
  • may have a removable roof for easy cleaning
  • cool touch doors for safety
  • self cleaning oven linings
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65
Q

What are the electric features of a modern oven?

A
  • multifunction ovens may be adjusted to suit different cooking conditions e.g with or without fan oven
  • clock and auto-timer
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66
Q

What are the gas features of a modern hob?

A

•oven flame-failure device (safety feature to stop gas flow if burner goes out)

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67
Q

What is the function of a thermostat?

A

Keeps the oven at the temperature set on the control dial

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68
Q

What are the methods of heat transfer in a cooker?

A
  • hob heats saucepans by conduction
  • the liquid side the saucepan heats by convection
  • grill heats food by radiation
  • oven heats food by convection
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69
Q

What is the care and maintenance of cookers?

A
  • wipe up spills immediately
  • wipe grill pan after use
  • never drag heavy saucepans across the hob in case of scratching
  • avoid using abrasive cleaning agents on the surface of the hob as they may damage the enamel and chrome
  • use special cleaner for ceramic hobs
  • protect your hands and clothes
  • use a special caustic oven cleaner when cleaning the oven
  • wash, rinse and dry the oven
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70
Q

What are the guidelines for choosing a cooker?

A
  • the choice between gas or electric depends on where you live due to the availability of fuel
  • gas cookers heat quickly and are easy to control but are not as clean as electric cookers
  • decide if you want a freestanding cooker or a separate oven and hob
  • if you choose electric decide carefully what type of hob you want; ceramic, coiled ring etc.
71
Q

Guidelines to positioning a cooker

A
  • position near a gas or electric connection
  • ensure gas cookers are postion end away from draughts
  • don’t place cookers beside a refrigerator
72
Q

What are the functions of a refrigerator?

A
  • keeps perishable foods fresh for a period of time
  • reduces wastage of leftover foods
  • limits shopping trips
  • protects food from dust and flies
  • helps to reduce the risk of food poisoning
73
Q

Features and functions of modern refrigerators

A
  • Integrated door panel: to match other kitchen fittings
  • door which can be adjusted to open from the left or the right: to suit kitchen layout
  • adjustable feet: to adjust height
  • split shelves: to store taller items
  • zoned refrigeration: different parts can have different temperatures
  • automatic defrost: prevents build up of ice
74
Q

Disadvantages of technology?

A
  1. The cost of buying, running and maintaining can be high
  2. Some machines are difficult to use and to assemble
  3. Environmental problems come from the manufacturing of machines
  4. Can lead to families interacting less
75
Q

What should you consider before buying a household appliance?

A
  • cost: initial, installation, maintaining
  • energy efficiency
  • brand (reliable and good quality?)
  • safety
  • needs: size of family and amount of use
  • ease of use
  • guarantee
76
Q

What are the 3 main types of household appliances?

A
  1. Appliances with a motor (food mixer, processor)
  2. Appliances with a heating element (toaster, kettle
  3. Large appliances with both an element and a motor (oven, mashing machine, tumblr dryer, cookers)
77
Q

What do all cookers consist of?

A
  • hob
  • grill
  • oven
78
Q

What is a hob?

A

Usually four solid hot plates/coiled rings/ceramic plates.

A gas hob has four burners of various sizes

79
Q

What are the electric features of a modern hob?

A
  • economic dual rings may be used for small saucepans
  • halogen rings use halogen bulbs fitted under ceramic plates, they heat up quickly and are easy to control
  • an induction hob creates heat inside the saucepan by generating a magnetic field
  • split levels cookers may be built into the kitchen units
80
Q

What are the gas features of a modern hob?

A

-many gas cookers have a surface combustion grill (small flames over the heating surface to give a larger grilling area)

81
Q

What are the features of a modern grill

A

•dual grill allows one half of the grill to be used for small amounts of food

82
Q

What are the electric and gas features of a modern oven?

A
  • glass-panelled external oven door
  • may have a removable roof for easy cleaning
  • cool touch doors for safety
  • self cleaning oven linings
83
Q

What are the electric features of a modern oven?

A
  • multifunction ovens may be adjusted to suit different cooking conditions e.g with or without fan oven
  • clock and auto-timer
84
Q

What are the gas features of a modern hob?

A

•oven flame-failure device (safety feature to stop gas flow if burner goes out)

85
Q

What is the function of a thermostat?

A

Keeps the oven at the temperature set on the control dial

86
Q

What are the methods of heat transfer in a cooker?

A
  • hob heats saucepans by conduction
  • the liquid side the saucepan heats by convection
  • grill heats food by radiation
  • oven heats food by convection
87
Q

What is the care and maintenance of cookers?

A
  • wipe up spills immediately
  • wipe grill pan after use
  • never drag heavy saucepans across the hob in case of scratching
  • avoid using abrasive cleaning agents on the surface of the hob as they may damage the enamel and chrome
  • use special cleaner for ceramic hobs
  • protect your hands and clothes
  • use a special caustic oven cleaner when cleaning the oven
  • wash, rinse and dry the oven
88
Q

What are the guidelines for choosing a cooker?

A
  • the choice between gas or electric depends on where you live due to the availability of fuel
  • gas cookers heat quickly and are easy to control but are not as clean as electric cookers
  • decide if you want a freestanding cooker or a separate oven and hob
  • if you choose electric decide carefully what type of hob you want; ceramic, coiled ring etc.
89
Q

Guidelines to positioning a cooker

A
  • position near a gas or electric connection
  • ensure gas cookers are postion end away from draughts
  • don’t place cookers beside a refrigerator
90
Q

What are the functions of a refrigerator?

A
  • keeps perishable foods fresh for a period of time
  • reduces wastage of leftover foods
  • limits shopping trips
  • protects food from dust and flies
  • helps to reduce the risk of food poisoning
91
Q

Features and functions of modern refrigerators

A
  • Integrated door panel: to match other kitchen fittings
  • door which can be adjusted to open from the left or the right: to suit kitchen layout
  • adjustable feet: to adjust height
  • split shelves: to store taller items
  • zoned refrigeration: different parts can have different temperatures
  • automatic defrost: prevents build up of ice
92
Q

How to use a refrigerator?

A
  • the refrigerator should be placed away form the cooker or any other heat sources as this would put extra pressure on the motor
  • cover food before refrigerating to prevent it from drying out
  • never refrigerate apples, bananas or root vegetables
  • wrap strong-smelling foods to avoid passing flavours onto other foods
  • don’t pack the shelves with foods this will prevent circulation of cold air
  • don’t open door unnecessarily
93
Q

Care and maintenance of a refrigerator

A
  • defrost regularly to avoid build up ice that can affect the efficiency
  • the inside of the refrigerator should be cleaned with a solution of 1tbsp per 1/2 litre of warm water, as detergents can affect the taste of the food
94
Q

Choosing and buying a refrigerator guidelines

A
  • choose one large enough to suit the family size
  • ensure there is enough space for it
  • consider how it has to be defrosted
  • note the star rating on the frozen food compartment
95
Q

Disposing of an old refrigerator?

A

Under WEEE directive all old old electrical appliances must be brought to special collection points where they can be recycled

96
Q

How to microwaves work?

A

They create energy waves which are attracted to water and fat molecules in the food they enter the food and make the food molecules vibrate, causing friction. The friction produces heat in the food

97
Q

What are the uses of microwaves?

A
  • cooking food quickly
  • reheating foods
  • defrosting frozen foods
  • melting chocolate
  • softening jam, jelly, butter
98
Q

What type of cookware should be used in the microwave?

A
  • glass, plastic and paper dishes are suitable as the energy waves pass through them
  • metal containers should not be used as they damage the microwave
99
Q

Guidelines for using a microwave

A
  • follow manufacturers instructions
  • the size, thickness and amount of food influence the cooking time
  • pierce foods with a skin to prevent bursting
  • stir liquids and turn large food items during cooking
100
Q

Features of modern microwaves?

A
  • some ovens have turntables which ensure more even cooking
  • automatic programming facilities (user can programme own settings for favourite dish)
  • temperature probe (to calculate cooking time)
  • auto-weight defrost (automatically calculates power and time for defrosting)
101
Q

What are the advantages of electricity?

A
  • clean
  • efficient
  • safe
  • relatively cheap
102
Q

Disadvantages of electricity?

A
  • affected by power cuts

- may be dangerous if used carelessly

103
Q

Journey electricity goes on

A
  1. Service cable
  2. Suppliers main fuse
  3. Meter (measures amount of electricity being used&sometimes there is another meter is nights aver electricity is being used)
  4. Consumer unit
104
Q

What is the colour of the live wire?

A

Brown

105
Q

What is the colour of the natural wire?

A

Blue

106
Q

What is the colour of the earth wire?

A

Green and yellow

107
Q

What is the function of the live wire?

A

To carry electricity to the appliance

108
Q

What is the function of the neutral wire?

A

To return the electricity to the generator

109
Q

What is the function of the earth wire?

A

It brings the electric current to the earth if a fault occurs

110
Q

What are appliances sour an earth wire?

A

Double insulated

111
Q

What is a fuse and what is its function?

A

It is a deliberate weak link in the electrical circuit. It melt if the circuit overheats so it breaks the circuit

112
Q

What is a miniature circuit breaker?

A

It has the same function of the fuse but it is easier to reset

113
Q

How to wire a plug?

A
  1. Unscrew central screw and remove plug top
  2. Remove fuse and loosen flex clamp screws
  3. Loosen screws of the three terminals
  4. Carefully push wire through the flex clamp and fasten in place
  5. Carefully strip enough insulation from the inner sheaths to expose about 6mm of wire and insert wiring under the screw at the correct terminal
  6. Tighten screws
  7. Fit fuse and replace cover
114
Q

Guidelines to using electricity safely

A
  • use good quality plus and appliances
  • replace frayed flexes don’t attempt to repair them
  • don’t overload sockets
  • never take portable electrical appliances into the bathroom
  • never let water come into contact with electrical appliances
  • lights and heating fixtures in bathrooms should be operated using a pull cord
115
Q

What are the two types of domestic gas available?

A
  • natural gas

- bottled gas

116
Q

Journey natural goes on?

A
  1. Pipelines (piped ashore from under sea)
  2. Meter control valve (controls supply)
  3. Gas meter (records how much is being used)
117
Q

What is the purpose of bottled gas?

A

Available in areas that don’t receive piped gas

118
Q

Advantages of gas

A
  • clean
  • efficient
  • not affected by power cuts
119
Q

Disadvantages

A

–flammable

  • gas leaks
  • produces carbon monoxide
  • non renewable
  • requires good ventilation
120
Q

Safety precautions when using gas?

A
  • all gas appliances should be installed by qualified person
  • gas cookers, boilers and heaters should be serviced regularly
  • good ventilation is essential
  • never block wall vents
  • never look for gas leaks with naked flame
121
Q

What should you do if you suspect a gas leak?

A
  • open all doors and windows
  • check gas appliances if the gas is still on
  • turn off gas at the meter control valve
  • phone gas company on emergency number
  • don’t smoke
  • don’t touch light switches or thermostats as they give off a tiny spark if turned on/off
  • don’t use any electrical appliances
122
Q

How Is water treated?

A
  • large objects (stone+grit) removed by filtering the water through layers of gravel and sand
  • chlorine is added to destroy harmful bacteria
  • fluoride added to prevent tooth decay
123
Q

Journey the water goes on

A
  1. Reservoir
  2. Mains pipe
  3. A service pipe goes from mains pipe to each house
  4. Directly to cold water tap in the kitchen or in a separate pipe to to a storage tank in the attic
  5. From the storage tank it goes to toilets, baths, other sinks in the house and to the boiler
124
Q

What are different methods of heating water in a household?

A
  • central heating system
  • solar panels
  • immersion heater
  • back boiler (behind open fire)
125
Q

Why is the kitchen sink usually situated near a window?

A
  • good lighting
  • good ventilation
  • ease of plumbing
126
Q

What is the purpose of the sink that is an S-trap or U-bend?

A

Holds water and prevents unpleasant odours and germs entering the kitchen from the drain

127
Q

Guidelines for unblocking a sink?

A
  1. Remove any pieces of food that may be blocking the sink outlet
  2. Block the overflow with a cloth and use a plunger
  3. If this fails put some washing soda crystals down the drain followed by boiling water
  4. If this also fails place a basin underneath the U-bend and unscrew the nut. Use a piece of wire to loosen the blockage, flush with hot water and replace the nut
128
Q

How to deal with frozen/burst pipes

A
  1. Turn off water at the mains
  2. Run all cold taps to drain the system
  3. Turn off the central heating system and avoid lighting a fire if there is a back boiler installed
  4. Call a plumber
  5. If pipes have frozen wrap the pipe in hot rags
129
Q

How can a home be heated?

A
  1. Central heating: water is heated by a boiler and passes around the house through radiators
  2. Background heating: storage heaters which use electricity may be sued to give off low levels of background heat
  3. Individual heaters: heaters may be fixed to the wall or portable
130
Q

What is the difference between the he timer / thermostat?

A
  • timers can be set to turn the heaters on and off at different times
  • the thermostat controls the temperature on the central heating boiler and at radiators
131
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of gas using as a fuel for home heating

A
  • clean
  • efficient
  • not affected by power cuts
  • can also be used for cooking
  • gas leaks
  • storage space needed for gas cylinders and tanks
132
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using oil as a fuel for home heating

A
  • convenient
  • easy to use
  • automatic
  • energy efficient
  • storage tank required
  • may be expensive
133
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of using solid fuel (coal, turf, wood) as a fuel for home heating

A
  • creates cozy atmosphere
  • reasonably cheap
  • helps ventilation in an open fire
  • dirty
  • storage space required
134
Q

How much heat is lost if there is no insulation?

A

75%

135
Q

What is insulation?

A

Trapping the heat in the house by using heating materials

136
Q

Forms of insulation?

A
  • polystyrene sheets used in cavity in wall
  • fabrics used on floors
  • fibreglass+wool used in attics
  • still air used in vanity walls and double glazed Windows
  • heavy fabric curtains
  • lagging jackets used on hot water cylinders
137
Q

What is ventilation necessary for?

A
  • to remove stale air
  • provide fresh air
  • control humidity levels
  • control air temperature
  • prevent condensation
138
Q

Methods of ventilation?

A
  • doors
  • Windows
  • room vents
  • fireplace
  • extractor fm as
  • cooker hoods
139
Q

How can condensation be controlled by?

A
  • good ventilation
  • insulation
  • efficient me
  • efficient removal of moisture
140
Q

Why is good lighting essential?

A
  • prevents eye strain
  • prevents accidents
  • creates atmosphere in room
  • provides sufficient light for activites
141
Q

What are the two types of light?

A
  • natural light

- artificial light

142
Q

Different types of light bulbs

A
  1. Tungsten filament lamps
  2. Fluorescent tubes
  3. Compact fluorescent lights
  4. Tungsten halogen lamps
  5. Light-emitting diodes
143
Q

What are tungsten filament lamps?

A

Last for approximately 1000 hours, have become less popular as they are less energy efficient.
Being phased out of the European Union

144
Q

What are fluorescent tubes?

A

They give off more light than filament lamps and they last 3000 hours

145
Q

What are compact fluorescent lights? (CFL)

A

Gives off the same light as an ordinary filament lamp put only use 20% of energy and last 8000 hours

146
Q

What are tungsten halogen lamps?

A

Contain tungsten filament and halogen gas, which improve their efficiency. Produce a crisp white light so they are ideal for spotlighting last 2000-6000 hours

147
Q

What are LED (light-emitting diodes)?

A

Produce a light very close to natural sunlight which is thought to be easier on the eyes, they last 100000 hours

148
Q

What are energy efficiency tips

A
  • turn down the thermostat on central heating boilers
  • take showers instead of baths
  • choose energy saving appliances
  • avoid washing under a running tap
  • use energy efficient light bulbs
  • use dishwashers and washing machines only when full
  • switch off lights when not needed
149
Q

What is hygiene?

A

Hygiene relates to cleanliness and the protection of health

150
Q

Guidelines for home hygiene?

A
  • remove unnecessary clutter from surfaces
  • ensure the house is well ventilated
  • wipe up spills immediately
  • keep drains clean and free from blockages
151
Q

Guidelines for home hygiene in the kitchen?

A
  • surfaces should be smooth and easy to clean
  • change the dishcloth and tea towels everyday
  • keep sink and draining board clean and tidy
  • use bin with lid, disinfect regularly
  • sweep and wash floors regularly
  • wipe down surfaces before and after preparing food
152
Q

Guidelines for home hygiene in the bathrooms

A
  • keep a set of cloths and rubber gloves especially for cleaning the bathroom
  • change hand towels, sponges and face cloths daily
  • keep toilet bowl, seat and flush bangle spotlessly clean
  • avoid toilet seat covers as these hide germs
153
Q

Use of the cleaning agent bicarbonate of soda

A
  • Used as an abrasive, used to clean fridges, toilets and hard floors.
  • Used dry it will absorb unpleasant odours
154
Q

Use of the cleaning agent borax

A

Can be used as an alternative to bleach. Removes odours, stops mould growth, disinfects and freshens laundry

155
Q

Use of the cleaning agent white vinegar

A
  • removes limes ale

- good for cleaning windows, mirrors and removing rust from stainless steel sinks

156
Q

Use of the cleaning agent essential oils such as eucalyptus, tea tree and lavender

A

Good for cutting through grease, as well as being anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral

157
Q

Use of the cleaning agent lemon juice

A
  • Can be used to remove stains such as blood, grass and mildew
  • it will bleach wooden choosing boards
  • cleans copper+brass when combined with salt
158
Q

Use of the cleaning agent soda water

A

-removes red wine and coffee stains

159
Q

Use of the cleaning agent cola and denture cleaning tablets

A

-when left (separately) overnight in a toilet bowel they will remove stains

160
Q

What are some common cleaning agents?

A
  • bicarbonate of soda
  • borax
  • white vinegar
  • essential oils
  • lemon juice
  • soda water
  • cola and denture-cleaning tablets
161
Q

What are the different types of commercial cleaning agents?

A
  • abrasives e.g Brillo
  • bleaches e.g parazone
  • cream cleaners e.g cif
  • detergents e.g washing up liquid
  • disinfectants e.g dettol
  • multi-purpose cleaners e.g dettox
  • oven cleaners e.g mr muscle
  • polishes
162
Q

What is the use of the abrasive type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Stubborn stains on scratch resistant surfaces

163
Q

What is the use of the bleach type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Stain removal

164
Q

What is the use of the cream cleaners type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Sinks, cookers, smooth surfaces

165
Q

What is the use of the detergent type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Washing dishes and clothes

166
Q

What is the use of the disinfectant type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Killing germs in sinks, bins, floors

167
Q

What is the use of the multi-purpose cleaning type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Cleaning surfaces

168
Q

What is the use of the oven cleaning type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Stubborn stains on oven surfaces and glass doors

169
Q

What is the use of the polish type of commercial cleaning agent?

A

Metals, furniture, Windows, floors

170
Q

What should you consider when choosing and buying cleaning agents?

A
  • the cost of the product and the quantity in the container
  • can it harm or scratch Surfaces
  • are there health risks in using the product
  • does it have clear instructions for use?
  • is it environmentally friendly?
171
Q

Environmentally friendly shopping guidelines

A
  • bring reusable bag
  • don’t buy over packaged goods
  • buy products which use recycled materials in their packaging
  • buy in bulk when possible
  • buy products which are CFC free
  • look for the EU eco label on products
172
Q

What can the effects of the Suns Ray’s have?

A
  • skin cancers
  • cataracts and eye disorders
  • reduction in the harvest of certain plants
  • damage marine life
173
Q

What destroys the ozone layer?

A
  • CFCs (aerosols, foam packaging, old fridges)

* halons (fire extinguishers)

174
Q

How do you save the ozone layer?

A
  • choose only ozone-friendly aerosol sprays
  • use non-aerosol products such as roll on deodorants
  • choose products that are packaged in CFC free containers

Home Economics (20 decks)

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