Chapter-23: Respiration

Question 1

The overall function of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• gas transport and gas exchange
• participation in regulating blood PH
• contains receptors for sense of smell
• filters inhaled air
• produces sounds (vocalization)
• eliminates the small amounts of water and heat in exhaled air

Question 2

Organs/structures belong to the upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT)

Answer 2

URT – nose/nasal cavity
pharynx and associated structures

LRT
larynx
trachea
bronchi and lungs

Question 3

Organs/structures belong to conducting and respiratory zones, and the purpose/functions of both zones.

Answer 3

conducting – nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
purpose of conducting – filter, warm, moisten and conduct air into lungs

respiratory zone – respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
purpose – main sites of gas exchange between air and blood

Question 4

The structure and functions of the nose and nasal cavity

Answer 4

structure of nasal cavity – external naris, nasal vestibule, internal naris, choana, olfactory epithelium
two regions of nasal cavity – respiratory region, olfactory region

Question 5

3 functions of the internal structures of the nose

Answer 5

warming, moistening, and filtering inhaled air
detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli, modifying speech as air passes through resonating chambers

Question 6

The structures and functions of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, and
names of the lymphoid tissues/tonsils located in them

Answer 6

nasopharynx – lies posterior to nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate
houses 5 openings – two internal nares, two opening leading to eustachian tubes (auditory tubes), and single opening to oropharynx
uvula – hangs from soft palate
paired auditory tubes – connect nasopharynx to tympanic cavity
pharyngeal or adenoids tonsils
functions – during swallowing, soft palate and uvula elevate to block nasal caity to prevent the the entry of air into the food

oropharynx
middle portion between soft palate and hyoid bone
allows both swallowed food, fluid and air to pass through
base of the tongue froms the anterior wall of the oropharynx
two pairs of tolsils and palatine and lingual tonsils are found in the oropharynx
functions – both digestive and respiratory functions; allow passage of food fluid and air

laryngopharynx
beings at level of hyoid bone ends at larynx
respiratory and digestive pathway is lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
most muscles of parynx are innrvated by never branches from pharyngeal plexus supplied by glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus nerve (X)
functions – both digestive and respiratory functions

Question 7

The role of the uvula and epiglottis in the pharynx

Answer 7

uvula is to help produce sound while the epiglottis aids in preventing food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing

Question 8

The names and the overall functions of the unpaired (major) and minor (unpaired) cartilages belong to the larynx.

Answer 8

3 single cartilages function – support and protect larynx
thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid

3 paired cartilages function – involved in sound production
arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

Question 9

-Internal anatomy of the larynx

Answer 9

arytenoid cartilages – influence position and tension of vocal folds – true vocal cords
thyoid cartilage (adams’ apple) are fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx

Question 10

Structures and function of lung lobes, and the name of the fissures that separate each of the lobes of the lungs

Answer 10

mediastinum separates the thoracic cavity into two anatomically distinct chambers
pleural membrane – parietal pleura, visceral pleura
Both lungs have an oblique fissure
right lung has a horizontal fissure
oblique fissure in the left lungs separates superior lobe from inferior lboe
in right lung, superior part of the oblique fissure separates superior lobe from inferior lobe and from middle lobe

right and left main bronchus – lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi
bronchopulmonary segments – lobules, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts

Question 11

Functions of the three epithelial cells in the alveoli (type I & II)

Answer 11

type 1 alveolar cell – squamous epithelium, permit gas exchange
type 2 alveolar cell – secrete surfactant, reduces surface tension
alveolar macrophages – phagocytic cells, engulf particulates