Chapter 23

Question 1

GUM

Answer 1

State department stores in Russia

Question 2

Cubist movement

Answer 2

20th century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes

Question 3

Fascism

Answer 3

Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction

Question 4

Syndicalism

Answer 4

Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics

Question 5

Porfirio Diaz

Answer 5

One of Benito Juarez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.

Question 6

Francisco Madero

Answer 6

Moderate democratic reformer in MExico; proposed moderate reofrms in 1910; arrested Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but was removed and assassinated in 1913

Question 7

Pancho Villa

Answer 7

Mexican revolutionary and military commander in Northern Mexico during Mexican Revolution; succeeded akong with Amiliano Zapata in revomving Diaz from power in 1911; also participated in campaings that removed Madero and Huerta

Question 8

Emiliano Zapata

Answer 8

Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanding sweeping land reform

Question 9

Victoriano Huerta

Answer 9

Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata

Question 10

Alvaro Obregon

Answer 10

Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915l elected president in 1920

Question 11

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Answer 11

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the fights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution

Question 12

Diego Rivera

Answer 12

Mexican artist of the period after Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the American Indian Past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology

Question 13

Jose Clemtente Orozco

Answer 13

Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Revera’s his ork featured romantic images of the American Indian past mixed with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology

Question 14

Paty of Institutionalized Revolution

Answer 14

Developed slowly during 1920s and 1930s into dominant force of Mexican politics - labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors that were flexible enough to incorporate new interest groups

Question 15

Red Army

Answer 15

Military organizaiton constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background

Question 16

New Economic Policy

Answer 16

Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover

Question 17

Supreme Soviet

Answer 17

Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist Party; served to ratify party decisions

Question 18

Joseph Stalin

Answer 18

Successor to Lenin as head of USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New economic policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through WWII; furthered Cold War with Western Europe and the US; died in 1953

Question 19

Collectivization

Answer 19

Creation of large, state-run farms father than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, although often lowered food production; part of Stalin’s economic and political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes

Question 20

Yuan Shikai

Answer 20

Warlord in Northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916

Question 21

May Fourth Movement

Answer 21

Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism

Question 22

Li Dazhao

Answer 22

Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; heading study circle at the University of Beijing; contrast to Lenin saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China

Question 23

Mao Zendong

Answer 23

Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958

Question 24

Guomindang

Answer 24

Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925
struggling to survive

Question 25

Whampoa Military Academy

Answer 25

Founded in 1924; military wing of Guomindang; first head of academy was Chiang Kai-shek

Question 26

Chiang Kai-shek

Answer 26

A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Kuomintang or Nationalist Party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after WWII

Question 27

Long March

Answer 27

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist party power moved to Shanxi province; firmly established Mao Zendong as head of Communist Party in China

Question 28

Great Depression

Answer 28

International economic crisis following WW1; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in 1920s, collapse of banking houses in US and W. Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century

Question 29

Popular Front

Answer 29

Combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938

Question 30

New Deal

Answer 30

President Franklin Roosevelt’s precursor of the modern welfare state; programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate economy; increased power of the state and the intervention of the state in US social and economic life

Question 31

Totalitarian state

Answer 31

A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union

Question 32

Gestapo

Answer 32

Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics

Question 33

Spanish Civil War

Answer 33

War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftist between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of royalist forces

Question 34

Import substitution

Answer 34

This policy, first adopted in countries like Iran and Turkey, protected local manufacturing with high tariffs against imports in domains like textiles or automobiles. The approach had many flaws but it was directed against industrial imbalance that had developed earlier

Question 35

Corporatism

Answer 35

Political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military

Question 36

Lazaro Cardenas

Answer 36

President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education

Question 37

Getulio Vargas

Answer 37

Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini’s Italy; leaned to communism after 1949; committed suicide in 1954

Question 38

Juan D. Peron

Answer 38

Military leader in Argentina who became dominant polical future after military coup in 1943; used position as minster of labor to appeal to working groups and the poor; became president in 1946; forced into exile in 1955; returned and won presidency in 1973

Question 39

Five year plans

Answer 39

Stalin’s plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state-planning industrialization at cost of avalibility of consumer products

Question 40

Socialist realism

Answer 40

Attempt within USSR to relate formal culture ot the masses in order to avoid the adoption of Western European cultural forms; begun under Joseph Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet function, art, and literary criticism

Question 41

Politburo

Answer 41

Executive committee of the Soviet Commuist Party; 20 members