Chapter 21 Flashcards
Fukizawa Yukichi
- One of the most ardent educational reformers in 19th century Japan
- After Japan had more contact with West - saw that Japan needed to change
- Traveled to US and Europe - 1860
- Critical - Didnt like outspokeness of W. Women or debates
Alexander I
- tried liberal rhetoric; Congress of Vienna he sponsored Holy Alliance idea
Holy Alliance
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by the most conservative monarchies of Europe
Decembrist uprising
political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I
Tsar Nicholas I
- put down revolt with brutality; drove leaders into exile
- provoked new conflict with Ottoman Empire in 1853; Rusisa was responsible for protecting Christian interests in Holy Land
Crimean War
Fought between 1854 and 1856; began an Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II
Emancipation of the serfs
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; were required to stay in villages until they could repay the aristocracy for land
Zemstoves
Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy
Trans-Siberian railroad
Construction in 1870s to connect European Russia with Pacific; largely completed by the end of 1880s; brought Russia into more active Asian role
Sergei Witte
Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia
Intelligentsia
Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; nineteenth-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West
Bakunin
anarchist leader; argued that general destruction was only real goal
Wanted peasant revolution - did not want any part in reformist efforts to make life better
Anarchists
Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyamov
Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
Bolsheviks
Lottery the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin adn dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in 1917 revolution
Russo-Japanese War
War between Japan and Russia over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance
Duma
National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution
Stolypin reforms
Stolypin reforms: Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotr Stolypin intended to placate the peasentary in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry
Kulaks
Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolpin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land
Nicholas II
weak man wh was badly adviced; couldnt surrender tradition of autocratic rule; became hollow institution that satisfied no one
Turgenev
wrote realistic novels; promoted what they believed in
Tolstoy and Dostoevsky
tried to portray Russian spirit
Chopina and Liszt
Polish and Hungarian composers who made important mark
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel - advanced understanding of genetics
Ivan Pavlov
experimented on reflexes; unconscious responses in human beings
Terakoya
Commoner schools founded during Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in a high literacy rate, approaching 40%, of Japanese males
Dutch Studies
Group of Japanese scholars interested in implication of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on the few Dutch texts avalible in Japan
Matthew Perry
American commodore who visited Ido Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854
Iwasaki Yataro
(1834-1885) - started career buying weapons for feudal lord, set up Mitsubishi Company after 81868 - winning government contracts for railroad and steamship lines
Shibusawa Eiichi
born a peasant became merchant and then official for Finance Ministry; went to banking in 1873
Zaibatsu
Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization
Sino-Japanese War
War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894-1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong
Yellow Peril
Derogatory Western term for the perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900
