Chapter 21

Question 1

Fukizawa Yukichi

Answer 1

• One of the most ardent educational reformers in 19th century Japan
• After Japan had more contact with West - saw that Japan needed to change
• Traveled to US and Europe - 1860
• Critical - Didnt like outspokeness of W. Women or debates

Question 2

Alexander I

Answer 2

• tried liberal rhetoric; Congress of Vienna he sponsored Holy Alliance idea

Question 3

Holy Alliance

Answer 3

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by the most conservative monarchies of Europe

Question 4

Decembrist uprising

Answer 4

political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I

Question 5

Tsar Nicholas I

Answer 5

• put down revolt with brutality; drove leaders into exile
• provoked new conflict with Ottoman Empire in 1853; Rusisa was responsible for protecting Christian interests in Holy Land

Question 6

Crimean War

Answer 6

Fought between 1854 and 1856; began an Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II

Question 7

Emancipation of the serfs

Answer 7

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; were required to stay in villages until they could repay the aristocracy for land

Question 8

Zemstoves

Answer 8

Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy

Question 9

Trans-Siberian railroad

Answer 9

Construction in 1870s to connect European Russia with Pacific; largely completed by the end of 1880s; brought Russia into more active Asian role

Question 10

Sergei Witte

Answer 10

Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia

Question 11

Intelligentsia

Answer 11

Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; nineteenth-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

Question 12

Bakunin

Answer 12

anarchist leader; argued that general destruction was only real goal
Wanted peasant revolution - did not want any part in reformist efforts to make life better

Question 13

Anarchists

Answer 13

Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881.

Question 14

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyamov

Answer 14

Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Question 15

Bolsheviks

Answer 15

Lottery the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin adn dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in 1917 revolution

Question 16

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 16

War between Japan and Russia over territory in Manchuria; Japan defeated the Russians, largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance

Question 17

Duma

Answer 17

National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution

Question 18

Stolypin reforms

Answer 18

Stolypin reforms: Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotr Stolypin intended to placate the peasentary in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry

Question 19

Kulaks

Answer 19

Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolpin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land

Question 20

Nicholas II

Answer 20

weak man wh was badly adviced; couldnt surrender tradition of autocratic rule; became hollow institution that satisfied no one

Question 21

Turgenev

Answer 21

wrote realistic novels; promoted what they believed in

Question 22

Tolstoy and Dostoevsky

Answer 22

tried to portray Russian spirit

Question 23

Chopina and Liszt

Answer 23

Polish and Hungarian composers who made important mark

Question 24

Gregor Mendel

Answer 24

Gregor Mendel - advanced understanding of genetics

Question 25

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 25

experimented on reflexes; unconscious responses in human beings

Question 26

Terakoya

Answer 26

Commoner schools founded during Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in a high literacy rate, approaching 40%, of Japanese males

Question 27

Dutch Studies

Answer 27

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implication of Western science and technology beginning in the 17th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on the few Dutch texts avalible in Japan

Question 28

Matthew Perry

Answer 28

American commodore who visited Ido Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854

Question 29

Iwasaki Yataro

Answer 29

(1834-1885) - started career buying weapons for feudal lord, set up Mitsubishi Company after 81868 - winning government contracts for railroad and steamship lines

Question 30

Shibusawa Eiichi

Answer 30

born a peasant became merchant and then official for Finance Ministry; went to banking in 1873

Question 31

Zaibatsu

Answer 31

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

Question 32

Sino-Japanese War

Answer 32

War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894-1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong

Question 33

Yellow Peril

Answer 33

Derogatory Western term for the perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900