Chapter 22

Question 1

Shafika Muhammad and Hamida Khalil:

Answer 1

Gave thought about activities during the months from 1919-1922 in Egypt; Shafika Muhammad: killed by British soldiers on March 14, 1919; martyr of the national liberation movement

Question 2

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Answer 2

Germany’s new ruler; an increased threat that the emerging colossus posed for Europe

Question 3

Franco-Prussian War of 1870

Answer 3

France lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany

Question 4

Dreadnought battleship

Answer 4

Launched in 1906 that Germans built in response

Question 5

Gavrilo Princip

Answer 5

Assassinated heir to Austro-Hungarian throne (Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife Sarajevo)

Question 6

Franz Ferdinand

Answer 6

Archduke and heir apparent to Austro-Hungarian trhone whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War 1

Question 7

Sarajevo

Answer 7

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 proved to be the spark that started WW1

Question 8

Western Front

Answer 8

Front established in WW1; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict

Question 9

Tsar Nicholas II

Answer 9

Tsar of Russia in 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917

Question 10

Benito Mussolini

Answer 10

Italian soldiers who was at the front and slightly wounded; exploited unrest to fullest in postwar drive to create facist dictatorship in Italy

Question 11

Gallipoli

Answer 11

Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WW1

Question 12

President Woodrow Wilson

Answer 12

Warned that following resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in Atlantic would force military retaliation

Question 13

Eastern Front

Answer 13

Most moble of the fronts established during World War 1; after early successes, mlitary defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia

Question 14

Adolf Hitler

Answer 14

Nazi leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for genocide of European Jews

Question 15

Georges Clemenceau

Answer 15

French premier in the last years of WW1 and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans; also worked to cut down size of Germany and funnel resources to France and other powers

Question 16

David Lloyd George

Answer 16

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of WW1 and the turbulent years that followed

Question 17

Self-determination

Answer 17

Right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders

Question 18

League of Nations

Answer 18

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WW1; one of the cief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member

Question 19

National Congress Party

Answer 19

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through the early decades in postcolonial period

Question 20

B. G. Tilak

Answer 20

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindo religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement

Question 21

Morley-Minto reforms

Answer 21

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils

Question 22

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Answer 22

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substancial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919

Question 23

Rowlatt Act

Answer 23

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919

Question 24

Mohandas Gandi

Answer 24

Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after WW1; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest

Question 25

Satyagraha

Answer 25

Literally, “truth force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States

Question 26

Lord Cromer

Answer 26

British consul general in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime; oversaw sweeping reforms in bureaucracy and city

Question 27

Effendi

Answer 27

Class of prosperous business and professional uran families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence

Question 28

Dinshawai incident

Answer 28

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where the wife of a prayer leader of the mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement

Question 29

Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)

Answer 29

Leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models

Question 30

Hussein

Answer 30

Sharif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britian against the Turks in WW1; angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise

Question 31

Mandates

Answer 31

Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain and France assumed control in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922

Question 32

Zionists/Zionism

Answer 32

Movement originating in E. Europe during 1860s and 1870s whose leaders argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine

Question 33

Balfour Declaration

Answer 33

British minster Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine issued in 1917

Question 34

Leon Pinsker

Answer 34

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land

Question 35

Theodor Herzl

Answer 35

Austrian journalist and Zonist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Question 36

Alfred Dreyfus

Answer 36

French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided a flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France

Question 37

World Zionist Organization

Answer 37

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state

Question 38

Wafd Party

Answer 38

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations followed World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limiated Egyptian independence beginning in 1922

Question 39

Sa’d Zaghlul

Answer 39

Leader of Egypt’s nationlist Wafd Party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922

Question 40

Marcus Garvey

Answer 40

African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in 1920s and 1930s

Question 41

W. E. B. Du Bois

Answer 41

One of the most influential African American intellectuals and spokesmen of the 20th century. His extensive and widely read writings on the plight of blacks in American society and critiques of racism were foundational to both civil rights movements in the US and African resistance to colonialism

Question 42

Pan-African

Answer 42

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and the African diaspora before and after WW1

Question 43

Negritude

Answer 43

Literary movements in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with the origins of African nationalist movements

Question 44

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Answer 44

One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980

Question 45

Triple Entente

Answer 45

England, France, Russia

Question 46

Triple Alliance

Answer 46

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Question 47

The Great Powers

Answer 47

England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy

Question 48

Allied forces

Answer 48

Fighting central powers; Britain, France, Russia, and Italy

Question 49

Central powers

Answer 49

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire

Question 50

Jingoism

Answer 50

Warlike nationalist sentiment spread to and among middle and working class in Europe before war