Chapter 22 Flashcards
Shafika Muhammad and Hamida Khalil:
Gave thought about activities during the months from 1919-1922 in Egypt; Shafika Muhammad: killed by British soldiers on March 14, 1919; martyr of the national liberation movement
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germany’s new ruler; an increased threat that the emerging colossus posed for Europe
Franco-Prussian War of 1870
France lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany
Dreadnought battleship
Launched in 1906 that Germans built in response
Gavrilo Princip
Assassinated heir to Austro-Hungarian throne (Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife Sarajevo)
Franz Ferdinand
Archduke and heir apparent to Austro-Hungarian trhone whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War 1
Sarajevo
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 proved to be the spark that started WW1
Western Front
Front established in WW1; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict
Tsar Nicholas II
Tsar of Russia in 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917
Benito Mussolini
Italian soldiers who was at the front and slightly wounded; exploited unrest to fullest in postwar drive to create facist dictatorship in Italy
Gallipoli
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WW1
President Woodrow Wilson
Warned that following resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in Atlantic would force military retaliation
Eastern Front
Most moble of the fronts established during World War 1; after early successes, mlitary defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia
Adolf Hitler
Nazi leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for genocide of European Jews
Georges Clemenceau
French premier in the last years of WW1 and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans; also worked to cut down size of Germany and funnel resources to France and other powers
David Lloyd George
Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of WW1 and the turbulent years that followed
Self-determination
Right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders
League of Nations
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WW1; one of the cief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member
National Congress Party
Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through the early decades in postcolonial period
B. G. Tilak
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindo religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement
Morley-Minto reforms
Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substancial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
Rowlatt Act
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
Mohandas Gandi
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after WW1; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest
Satyagraha
Literally, “truth force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States
Lord Cromer
British consul general in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime; oversaw sweeping reforms in bureaucracy and city
Effendi
Class of prosperous business and professional uran families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence
Dinshawai incident
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where the wife of a prayer leader of the mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement
Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)
Leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models
Hussein
Sharif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britian against the Turks in WW1; angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise
Mandates
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain and France assumed control in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922
Zionists/Zionism
Movement originating in E. Europe during 1860s and 1870s whose leaders argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine
Balfour Declaration
British minster Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine issued in 1917
Leon Pinsker
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land
Theodor Herzl
Austrian journalist and Zonist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state
Alfred Dreyfus
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided a flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France
World Zionist Organization
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state
Wafd Party
Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations followed World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limiated Egyptian independence beginning in 1922
Sa’d Zaghlul
Leader of Egypt’s nationlist Wafd Party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922
Marcus Garvey
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in 1920s and 1930s
W. E. B. Du Bois
One of the most influential African American intellectuals and spokesmen of the 20th century. His extensive and widely read writings on the plight of blacks in American society and critiques of racism were foundational to both civil rights movements in the US and African resistance to colonialism
Pan-African
Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and the African diaspora before and after WW1
Negritude
Literary movements in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with the origins of African nationalist movements
Leopold Sedar Senghor
One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980
Triple Entente
England, France, Russia
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
The Great Powers
England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy
Allied forces
Fighting central powers; Britain, France, Russia, and Italy
Central powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire
Jingoism
Warlike nationalist sentiment spread to and among middle and working class in Europe before war
