Chapter 19 Flashcards
What significant event occurred in 1867 related to Archduke Maximilian?
Archduke Maximilian was executed outside the Mexican city of Queretaro.
Who sent Archduke Maximilian and Carlota to Mexico?
They were sent by Carlota’s grandfather, Napoleon III.
What was the political situation that led to Maximilian’s rule?
Maximilian replaced Benito Juarez after Juarez’s government was toppled by Napoleon and the Conservative party.
What reforms did Maximilian and Carlota attempt in Mexico?
They tried to bring reforms to the country but faced a misleading attitude from the Mexican people.
Who was Benito Juarez?
A Zapotec Indian who became the leading liberal politician of Mexico.
What was the fate of Maximilian?
Maximilian died a tragic figure, famously declaring ‘Long live Mexico, long live independence.’
What happened to Carlota after Maximilian’s execution?
Carlota spent the next 60 years in seclusion.
What influenced the political culture of Latin America in the 18th century?
The political culture was formed by the Western Enlightenment.
What characterized Latin America’s history in the 19th century?
It was shaped by internal struggles and differed from patterns in Africa and Asia.
What were the main causes of political change in Latin America?
Independence was achieved as part of the Atlantic revolutions, influenced by the American and French revolutions.
What was the significance of the Haitian Revolution?
Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, it resulted in the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804, symbolizing freedom and hope.
Who was Father Miguel de Hidalgo?
A Mexican priest who established the independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810.
What was the outcome of Agustin de Iturbide’s actions?
He signed an agreement with insurgent forces and proclaimed himself emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.
What was Gran Colombia?
An independent state created as a result of Simon Bolivar’s military success, existing until 1830.
Who was Jose de San Martin?
A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America, known for liberating Chile.
What was the political situation in Brazil during its independence?
Brazil’s independence was declared by Pedro I in 1822, maintaining its existing social organization based on slavery.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A declaration stating that any attempt by a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the US.
What economic challenges did Latin America face post-independence?
Latin American economies stagnated after wars of independence, with many nations turning to foreign governments for loans.
What was the impact of the guano trade in Peru?
Guano was exported as a major item of trade, allowing for the end of American Indian tribute and the abolition of slavery.
What were the social and political issues faced by new Latin American nations?
They dealt with social inequalities, political representation, and regionalism, leading to political fragmentation.
Who were the caudillos?
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force and sometimes seized national governments.
What characterized the political landscape of new Latin American nations?
It was marked by intense division between civilian politicians and powerful regional army commanders.
What did Europe want more of from Latin America?
Europe wanted more Latin American products.
What is guano?
Guano is bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850-1880.
Income from trade permitted the end of American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.
What developments occurred in Latin America in the 1840s?
In the 1840s, steamship lines were established, leading to better communication and trade.
What infrastructure was being built in the 1860s in Latin America?
Railroads were being built.
What did liberal reformers aim to do in the 1820s and 1830s?
Liberal reformers started programs to break patterns of colonial heritage.
What happened in the 1840s regarding conservative power in Latin America?
Conservatives returned to power in many places to stop or slow down reform movements.
What was positivism?
Positivism is a French philosophy based on observation and scientific approaches to societal problems; adopted by many Latin American liberals after independence.
Who was Auguste Compte?
Auguste Compte was a French philosopher and the founder of positivism.
What caused a shift in attitude and possibilities in Latin America in the last quarter of the century?
The shift was caused by a general economic expansion from the second industrial revolution and imperialism.
What was the population of Latin America after 1850?
The population of Latin America reached 43 million, doubling in size.
What was the economic situation in Latin America after 1850?
The economy grew rapidly, with exports from places like Colombia, Argentina, and Brazil leading to prosperity.
What was the impact of capitalist programs in Latin America?
Capitalist programs increased, but economic growth and progress were expensive.
What happened to peasant lands in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia?
Peasant lands were taken away.
What was the Mexican republic established in 1824 based on?
The Mexican republic’s constitution was based on France, the US, and Spain.
What was the political struggle in Mexico after independence?
There was a struggle between conservatives and liberals.
Who was General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna?
Santa Anna was a key figure in Mexican politics until his death; he was a caudillo.
What was the Manifest Destiny?
Manifest Destiny was the belief of the US government that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast.
What was the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, resulting in the loss of Texas and California to the US.
It left a legacy of distrust in the US in Latin America.
Who was Benito Juarez?
Benito Juarez was the Indian governor of Oaxaca and leader of the liberal rebellion against Santa Anna.
What was La Reforma?
La Reforma was the liberal rebellion led by Benito Juarez against Santa Anna’s forces, beginning in 1854.
What happened to Maximilian von Habsburg?
Maximilian was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico following French intervention but was overthrown and executed by liberal revolutionaries in 1867.
What was the Argentine Republic?
The Argentine Republic replaced the state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.
Who was Domingo F. Sarmiento?
Domingo F. Sarmiento was a liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic from 1868-1874, known for his reforms in education and transportation.
What was the impact of the railroad and telegraph in Argentina?
The railroad and telegraph improved communication and transportation, contributing to Argentina’s economic expansion.
What was the significance of coffee in Brazil’s economy?
Coffee became a major export commodity for Brazil, making up 60% of its exports by 1880.
What was the Brazilian Empire’s political situation in the 19th century?
Brazil avoided the political instability and turmoil found in other Latin American countries, maintaining a functioning republic.
What was the role of immigrants in Brazil’s economy?
The influx of immigrants reduced the need for slavery and contributed to economic growth.
What changes occurred in gender roles in Latin America after independence?
Women participated in independence movements but saw little change in their roles afterward; however, education opportunities increased.
What was the Great Boom from 1880-1920?
The Great Boom was a period of significant economic growth in Latin America, particularly in Mexico and Argentina.
What were the consequences of the War of the Pacific?
The War of the Pacific resulted in Chile occupying territory and Bolivia losing access to the Pacific Ocean.
What was the relationship between Buenos Aires and the Argentine nation?
The relationship was resolved when Buenos Aires was made a federal district.
What was the impact of American Indians on the southern pampas?
They were conquered, leading to new land for ranching.
How was the relationship between Buenos Aires and the nation resolved?
It was resolved when Buenos Aires was made a federal district.
What technological changes contributed to Argentine prosperity?
Technological changes, including refrigerated ships, allowed fresh beef to be sent directly to Europe.
What was the basis of Argentina’s expansion?
The basis of expansion included fresh beef, wool, and wheat exports.
What was the significance of the golondrimas?
Golondrimas, or ‘swallows’, worked one harvest in Italy and the second in Argentina.
How many immigrants stayed in Argentina between 1857 and 1930?
3.5 million immigrants stayed in Argentina during that period.
What percentage of the Argentine population was foreign-born in 1914?
In 1914, ⅓ of the Argentine population was foreign-born.
What cultural fusion occurred in Argentina?
A fusion of cultures led to the creation of tango.
What characterized the decade after 1910 in Argentina?
Strikes and repression characterized the decade after 1910, with significant strikes in 1918.
What was the social cost of development in Argentina?
Development in Argentina came with social costs.
What political change occurred in Argentina in 1912?
A new party for the middle class was started in 1912.
Which party came to power in Argentina in 1916?
The Radical party came to power in 1916.
What issue remained unresolved in Argentina’s expanding labor force?
The issue of labor rights and representation remained unresolved.
What new political climate emerged in Argentina?
The new political climate favored growing calls for equality for women.
What was the US’s interest in Latin America after the Civil War?
The US began to take a directive and active interest in the political and economic state of Latin America.
What was the significance of the Spanish-American War?
The war, centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico, permitted American intervention in the Caribbean and annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
What was the outcome of the US occupation of Cuba?
The occupation of Cuba ended in 1902, but conditions were still imposed on Cuba.
What was the Panama Canal?
The Panama Canal was a result of US support for the Panamanian independence movement, providing a short route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
What were the critiques against American materialism in Latin America?
Intellectuals cautioned against American materialism, with critiques arising from nationalism, Catholic defense of traditional values, and socialist attacks on capitalism.
What fears did Latin America articulate after achieving political independence?
Latin America articulated fears and reactions similar to those of areas that were part of Western Europe and the US.
