Chapter 19 Flashcards
What significant event occurred in 1867 related to Archduke Maximilian?
Archduke Maximilian was executed outside the Mexican city of Queretaro.
Who sent Archduke Maximilian and Carlota to Mexico?
They were sent by Carlota’s grandfather, Napoleon III.
What was the political situation that led to Maximilian’s rule?
Maximilian replaced Benito Juarez after Juarez’s government was toppled by Napoleon and the Conservative party.
What reforms did Maximilian and Carlota attempt in Mexico?
They tried to bring reforms to the country but faced a misleading attitude from the Mexican people.
Who was Benito Juarez?
A Zapotec Indian who became the leading liberal politician of Mexico.
What was the fate of Maximilian?
Maximilian died a tragic figure, famously declaring ‘Long live Mexico, long live independence.’
What happened to Carlota after Maximilian’s execution?
Carlota spent the next 60 years in seclusion.
What influenced the political culture of Latin America in the 18th century?
The political culture was formed by the Western Enlightenment.
What characterized Latin America’s history in the 19th century?
It was shaped by internal struggles and differed from patterns in Africa and Asia.
What were the main causes of political change in Latin America?
Independence was achieved as part of the Atlantic revolutions, influenced by the American and French revolutions.
What was the significance of the Haitian Revolution?
Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, it resulted in the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804, symbolizing freedom and hope.
Who was Father Miguel de Hidalgo?
A Mexican priest who established the independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810.
What was the outcome of Agustin de Iturbide’s actions?
He signed an agreement with insurgent forces and proclaimed himself emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.
What was Gran Colombia?
An independent state created as a result of Simon Bolivar’s military success, existing until 1830.
Who was Jose de San Martin?
A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America, known for liberating Chile.
What was the political situation in Brazil during its independence?
Brazil’s independence was declared by Pedro I in 1822, maintaining its existing social organization based on slavery.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A declaration stating that any attempt by a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the US.
What economic challenges did Latin America face post-independence?
Latin American economies stagnated after wars of independence, with many nations turning to foreign governments for loans.
What was the impact of the guano trade in Peru?
Guano was exported as a major item of trade, allowing for the end of American Indian tribute and the abolition of slavery.
What were the social and political issues faced by new Latin American nations?
They dealt with social inequalities, political representation, and regionalism, leading to political fragmentation.
Who were the caudillos?
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force and sometimes seized national governments.
What characterized the political landscape of new Latin American nations?
It was marked by intense division between civilian politicians and powerful regional army commanders.
What did Europe want more of from Latin America?
Europe wanted more Latin American products.
What is guano?
Guano is bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850-1880.
Income from trade permitted the end of American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery.