Chapter 20 Flashcards
Taping Movement
Great peace movement - By Hong
Hong Xiuquan
- started taiping rebellion
- Troubled man
- Came from a poor family
- Worked hard in school
- Avid traveler; 1835 in Whampoa (came in contact with Protestant missionaries in US)
Ayan
Wealthy landed elite - emerged in early decades of Abbasid rule
Sultan Selim III
Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789-1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building up new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807
Mahmud II
after two decades of Selim III; Ottoman sultan; built private professional army; formented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed powerful of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents
* 1826 - told agents to incite mutiny of Janissaries
* Launched program - more reaching reforms than Selim III
* Diplomatic corps on Western lines - exchanged ambassadors with European powers
Tanzimat reforms
series of reforms in Ottoman empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
Abdul Hamid
Ottoman sultant - attempted to reeturn to depotic absolutism during reign from 1878 - 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
in Paris 1899; Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called “Young Turks”; wanted to restore 1876 constitution
Ottomans last possession
North Africa
Murad
Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed the vulnerability of Muslim core
Muhammad Ali
Won power struggle in Egypt after falling of Mamluks; created mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge the Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1849
Khedives
Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by a military coup in 1952; brought Gamal Abdel Nasser to power in 1952
Suez Canal
Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of the British into Egyptian politics to protect investment
Jamal al-Din al Afghani
Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learing and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry
Muhammad Abduh
Disciple of al Afghani; Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology
Ahmad Arabi
Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in army in 1882, forced khedival regime to call British forces for support
Khartoum
River town that was the administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan
Muhammad Ahmad
Head of Sundanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet of Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British to be infidels; launched revolt to purge Islamic of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as Mahdi - had physical signs (cleft between his teeth and mole on right cheek
Mahdi
In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Ahmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against the Egyptians and British in Sudan
Khalifa Abdallahi
Successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898
Battle of Omdurman
In 1898 - Mahdist cavalry were slaughtered
Kangxi
Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among Manchus
Compradors
Wealthy group of Chinese merchants under Quing dynasty; specialized in important-export trade on China’s south coast; one major link between China and outside world
Opium War
Fought between British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in a resounding British factory, the opening of Hong Kong as british port of trade
Lin Zexu
Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in S. China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War
Taiping Rebellion
Broke out in South China in 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry
Hong Xiuquan
Leader of Taiping Rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese Elite
Self strengthing movement
Late 19th century movement in China counter challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders
Zeng Goufan
One of the ablest scholar-gentry officials in the last half of the 19th century. Advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms, proved to be one of the staunchest defenders of the Qing dynasty
Cixi
Ultraconservative dowager emperess who dominated last decades of Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westeners
Boxer Rebellion
Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at spelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials
Sun Yat-sen
Head of Revolutionary Alliance; organization that led in 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist Party of China (Guodmindang) in 1919
Puyi
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912
Battle of Aboukir
August 1798; British caught up with French
