Chapter 22: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
The musculoskeletal system consists of
the body’s bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments tendons and muscle.
The musculoskeletal system is intricately related to
The individuals overall sense of independence and well being
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
A. Support/stand erect B. Movement C. Protect inner vital organs D. Hematopoiesis E. Reservoir for storage of essential minerals (calcium and phosphorus) in the bones
Hematopoiesis
production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
Bones
Hard, rigid, and very dense.
Bones cells are continuously recycling and remodeling.
Cartilage
Specialized connective tissue that cushions the bones and provides for smooth movement.
Joints
Place of union between 2 or more bones.
Permit mobility.
Ligaments
Fibrous band running from one bone to another that strengthen the joint and prevents movement in undesirable directions.
What are the three types of muscle?
- Skeletal - muscle under conscious control.
- Smooth - involuntary
- Cardiac - involuntary
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone.
Composed of s strong fibrous cord.
Terminology of Skeletal Muscle
Movements
- Flexion and Extension
- Abduction and Adduction
- Pronation and Supination
- Circumduction
- Inversion and Eversion
- Rotation
- Elevation and Depression
- Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
- Protraction and Retraction
Flexion
Bending of limb at a joint
Extension
Straightening a limb at a joint to maximally increase its angle
Abduction
Movement of a body part away from the body’s midline
Adduction
Movement of a body part toward the midline
Pronation
Movement of the forearm to place the palm downward
Supination
Movement of the forearm to place the palm upward
Circumspection
Moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder
Inversion
Moving the ankle inward
Eversion
Movement of the ankle outward
Rotation
Moving the head around a central axis
Elevation
Raising a body part
Depression
Lowering a body part
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot upward
Plantar Flexion
Movement of the foot downward
Protraction
Moving a body part toward and parallel to the ground, moves away from the vertebral column
Retraction
Moving a body part backward and parallel to the ground, moves toward vertebral column
Transcultural Considerations in relation to the Musculoskeletal System
Bone mineral density:
- females at greatest risk for bone density loss
- smaller frames and body types (Caucasian, Asian) also at greater risk for bone density loss which then places greater risk for fractures.
What information would a nurse gather during a Musculoskeletal History (Subjective data)?
A. Joint pain B. Joint stiffness C. Joint swelling, heat, redness D. Any limitation of movement E. Muscle pain/cramping F. Muscle weakness G. Bone pain H. Bone deformity, decreased ROM I. Hx of accidents or trauma, hx of fx(s), sprains, dislocation J. Functional assessment K. Self Care Behaviors
What information would a nurse gather under the category “functional assessment”?
any joint, muscle, bone problems that limit activities of daily living (ADLs).
What information would a nurse gather under the category “self care behaviors”?
occupational hazards, chronic stress or repetitive motion to joints, heavy lifting
What information would a nurse gather during a Physical Exam/Assessment (Objective Data)?
A. Inspection B. Palpation C. ROM D. Muscle testing E. Temporomandinular Joint F. Cervical Spine G. Shoulders H. Elbow I. Wrist and Hand J. Hip K. Knee L. Ankle and foot M. Spine
Inspection of the Musculoskeletal system
Note the size and contour of the joint.
Note color, swelling, masses or any deformities
Palpation of the Musculoskeletal System
Palpation joints for temperature, tenderness, heat, bony articulations, swelling of masses
ROM include
Active or passive
Muscle Testing
Resistant ROM, note strength by R and L - compare.
Assessment of the Wrist and Hand include
Phalen’s Test and Tinel’s sign
Phalen’s Test
Pt to hold hands back to back while flexing the wrist 90 degrees x 60 seconds
Tinel’s sign
Direct percussion of the median nerve at the wrist
