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Med Micro Exam 3 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What two organs make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Nerves that branch out from the Brain and the Spinal Cord

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3
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the _________ space.

A

Subarachnoid

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4
Q

What is a spinal tap and a reason to perform this procedure?

A

Involves withdrawing cerebrospinal fluid to examine and diagnose disorders in the brain and/or spinal cord.

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5
Q

What is infected in Bacterial Meningitis?

A

Any one of the 3 membranes.

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6
Q

What is infected in Encephalitis?

A

The Brain.

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7
Q

The general symptoms of the different kinds of Meningitis are often the ____.

A

Same.

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8
Q

What is often the first symptom of Bacterial Meningitis?

A

A severe headache that is NOT helped by the use of medicines (such as Tylenol or Ibuprofen).

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9
Q

What are some of the general symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis?

A

severe headache, neck/muscle stiffness, nausea, vomiting, fever, convulsions, coma

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10
Q

What is Nisseria meningitides?

A

A gram - cocci bacteria that can cause meningitis.

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11
Q

What is Hemophilus influenza?

A

A gram - rod bacteria.

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12
Q

What is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

A bacteria that can cause meningitis in children and pneumonia in the elderly.

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13
Q

What are two medicines that can treat Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

penicillin and ampicillin

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14
Q

What are some of the other bacteria that can cause meningitis?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis, leptospira (3rd generation cephalesporins).

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15
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

A gram + rod bacteria that causes Listeriosis.

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16
Q

What are some of the reservoirs for Listeria monocytogenes?

A

animal feces, soil, water, dairy products

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17
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is most commonly transmitted through ____?

A

meat

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18
Q

Listeria monocytogenes bacteria can cause circling disease in _________?

A

animals

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19
Q

Listeria monocytogenes can cause what in pregnant women?

A

abortion or still birth

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20
Q

What is involved in a cold enrichment culture?

A

blending the meat, putting into a liquid, put it into the fridge and leave it for 4 weeks, isolate the bacteria afterward to examine.

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21
Q

What kind of bacteria is a cold enrichment culture used for?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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22
Q

What is Clostridium tetani?

A

an obligate anaerobe, gram positive rods; causes tetanus

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23
Q

What are two reservoirs for Clostridium tetani?

A

animal feces and soil

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24
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Clostridium tetani?

A

wound contamination

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25
Q

Does Clostridium tetani involve an endotoxin or an exotoxin?

A

exotoxin

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26
Q

The exotoxin in Clostridium tetani has a neurotoxin that causes what symptoms?

A

nonstop muscle contractions; can also cause muscle spasms and lock jaw

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27
Q

What is the vaccine for Tetanus called?

A

DTP

28
Q

How long does the DTP vaccine last?

A

10 years

29
Q

There is no Tetanus vaccine for ________.

A

animals

30
Q

Botulism is caused by the gram + bacteria called _________________.

A

Clostridium botulinum

31
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Clostridium botulinum?

A

food

32
Q

In Botulism the bacteria blocks ___________, causing paralysis.

A

acetylecholine

33
Q

What are symptoms of Botulism?

A

muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, respiratory muscle failure, paralysis, death

34
Q

Where is Clostridium botulinum most commonly found?

A

in home canned meat products.

35
Q

What are the 3 types of toxins in Botulism? Which one is the most common?

A

A, B, E

A is the most common

36
Q

______ can be associated with Botulism, and shouldn’t be given to anyone under the age of 1.

A

honey

37
Q

What is the treatment for Botulism?

A

Trivalent antitoxin; all 3 toxins.

38
Q

The toxin binding nerves in Botulism is NOT __________.

A

reversible

39
Q

What is Poliomyelitis?

A

a nonenveloped RNA virus; an Enterovirus.

40
Q

Poliomyelitis can cause what major symptom?

A

symptoms

41
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Poliomyelitis?

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water; often causes diarrhea.

42
Q

In most countries Polomyelitis is __________.

A

eradicated

43
Q

There is an __ week incubation period for rabies.

A

8

44
Q

What 2 things are used to diagnose rabies?

A
  1. clinical symptoms

2. IF test (viral antigen detection in saliva).

45
Q

What is the only virus for which a vaccine can be given before and/or after infection?

A

Rabies

46
Q

What is the most common mode of transmission for rabies?

A

unprovoked attack by animals; bite by dog

47
Q

What are the 5 types of Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis?

A
  1. St Louis Encephalitis
  2. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
  3. Western Equine Encephalitis
  4. California Encephalitis
  5. West Nile Virus
48
Q

What is the main reservoir of St Louis Encephalitis?

A

birds

49
Q

Is Arthoropod-Borne Encephalitis more common in summer or winter months?

A

summer months

50
Q

What is the main reservoir for California Encephalitis?

A

small mammals

51
Q

What is the main reservoir for Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis?

A

Birds and Horses

52
Q

What can reduce the prevalence of Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis?

A

mosquito control

53
Q

What are the two types of vaccines for poliovirus?

A
  1. Inactivated polio vaccine

2. Live poliovaccine

54
Q

What is Rhabdovirus?

A

a bullet shaped RNA virus that can cause Rabies

55
Q

Once rabies reaches the brain it is _____.

A

fatal

56
Q

What are some of the animals that are reservoirs for Rabies?

A

raccoons, skunks, bats, foxes, dogs, cats, cattle.

57
Q

What is Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

a fungal disease that can cause fungal meningitis

58
Q

What is the most common treatment for fungal diseases including Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Amphoterecin B

59
Q

What is African trypanosomiasis?

A

a protozoan disease.

60
Q

What is Antigenic Variation?

A

When there is a very high rate of mutation (changing of the coat proteins) making it hard to make a vaccine.

61
Q

African trypanosomiasis has __________ ___________.

A

antigenic variation

62
Q

What is Naegleria fowleri?

A

A protozoan disease in which a protozoa enters through the nose and into the brain.

63
Q

Where is Naegleria fowleri most commonly gotten?

A

When swimming in contaminated waters.

64
Q

What are unconventional agents?

A

prions

65
Q

In which disease will you find prions?

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathiae (BSE; mad cow disease)

66
Q

What is the name for BSE when a human has it?

A

Creutzfield-Jacob Disease

Med Micro Exam 3 (10 decks)

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