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Med Micro Exam 3 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the harmful effects of disorders associated with the immune system?

A

Allergies, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, immune escape-cancer

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2
Q

What is the most important harmful effect?

A

Allergies

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3
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A sensitivity beyond normal

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Type 1: Anaphylaxis Reactions
  2. Type 2: Cytotoxic Reactions
  3. Type 3: Immune Complex Reactions
  4. Type 4: Cell Mediated Reactions
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5
Q

Anaphylaxis causes what kind of antibody?

A

IgE

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6
Q

Which WBC is involved with Anaphylaxis?

A

Basophil

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7
Q

What 3 things are released during an Anaphylactic Reaction?

A
  1. Histamine (most important)
  2. Leukotrines
  3. Prostaglandins
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8
Q

Name two things that can cause Systemic Anaphylaxis.

A
  1. Drugs (ex. Penicillin)

2. Insect Venums

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9
Q

Name two things that can cause Localized Anaphylaxis.

A
  1. Pollen

2. Foods (ex. fish)

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10
Q

Define Desensitization.

A

A series of antigen doses carefully injected beneath the skin to cause IgG production.

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11
Q

What is an example of something that can cause a Cytotoxic Reaction?

A

Someone being given the wrong blood type in a blood transfusion.

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12
Q

During a Cytotoxic Reaction antibodies against ______ are produced and bind to the target cell.

A

antigen

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13
Q

After antibodies bind to the target cell (in a cytotoxic rxn) what happens?

A

They are complement fixed and the target cell is destroyed.

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14
Q

What is hyperthyroidism also known as?

A

Grave’s Disease

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15
Q

In an Immune Complex Reaction antibodies are produced against _______ in serum.

A

Soluble antigen

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16
Q

After antibodies are produced against the soluble antigen in serum what happens? (in immune complex reaction)

A

they form a complex and get deposited into organs. They then cause inflammatory damage complement.

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17
Q

What does the “loss of immunological tolerance” indicate?

A

that the immune system has lost it’s ability to discriminate between self and non self.

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18
Q

What two fetal immune lymphocytes work against the self antigen and are destroyed?

A

T and B Lymphocytes

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19
Q

List 3 immunosuppressant drugs.

A
  1. Cyclosporin
  2. Tacyolimus
  3. Rapamycin
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20
Q

What are the 4 types of transplants?

A
  1. Autografts
  2. Isografts
  3. Allografts
  4. Xenografts
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21
Q

What are Autografts?

A

self tissue or organs transplants

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22
Q

What are Isografts?

A

identical twins transplants

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23
Q

What are Allografts?

A

different persons transplants

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24
Q

What are Xenografts?

A

different species transplants

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25
Q

What is an example of a cell mediated reaction?

A

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH; as is done with the TB test)

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26
Q

What are a few things that can cause Allergic Contact Dermatitis?

A

Poison Ivy, Cosmetics, Jewelry, Glove Powder

27
Q

What are the two types of Immune Deficiencies?

A
  1. Congenital (ADA; genetic)

2. Acquired (HIV-AIDS)

28
Q

Where did HIV originate?

A

Central Africa

29
Q

What was the chain of transmission for HIV?

A

Monkeys—->Chimpanzees—>Humans

30
Q

What is the prevalence of HIV worldwide?

A

33-34 million people worldwide

31
Q

Is HIV a DNA or an RNA virus?

A

RNA

32
Q

HIV infects which two receptors?

A

CD4 and CXC R4

33
Q

The CD4 receptor contains ___ Lymphocytes.

A

T

34
Q

The 2nd receptor known as CXC R4 is also called the ______ receptor.

A

kemakine

35
Q

When HIV infects the CD4-T Lymphocytes what does this do?

A

enhances programmed cell death

36
Q

What other two WBC’s are infected?

A

Macrophages and B-Lymphocytes

37
Q

What key thing do the HIV infected cells not show on their surface?

A

a marker

38
Q

During the stages of infection, Category C includes what?

A

CD4 Tcell count

39
Q

An opportunistic infection during the Category C stage of infection can be serious and ________.

A

Fatal

40
Q

What test is used to detect HIV antibodies?

A

ELISA test

41
Q

What testing is used to confirm an HIV diagnosis?

A

Western Blot and/or Real Time PCR

42
Q

What are some of the modes of transmission for HIV?

A

Bodily fluid exchange, contaminated needle pricks, both homosexual and heterosexual contact (though homosexual involves a higher risk), the reusing of needles in underdeveloped countries, pregnant mother to baby

43
Q

Can an insect transport HIV? Why or why not?

A

No, they can’t transport enough of the virus to infect a human

44
Q

What drug can reduce the risk of a pregnant mother transmitting HIV to her baby down from a 30-35% chance to a 0% chance?

A

Zidovudine (AZT)

45
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV?

A

No, the high virus mutation makes it impossible to make one.

46
Q

What is the most effective treatment for HIV?

A

a 3 drug combination treatment

47
Q

What are the 5 types of drugs and used to treat HIV?

A
  1. entry and fusion inhibitors
  2. non nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  3. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  4. protease inhibitors (block proteins from cutting)
  5. integrase inhibitors
48
Q

What is the risk of HIV infection to health care workers?

A

1:10

49
Q

What two main things are involved in the immune response to cancer?

A

antigen shedding

antigen suppression

50
Q

What is antigen shedding?

A

shedding their flag marker

51
Q

What is antigen suppression?

A

immune suppression

52
Q

Antibiotcs are produced by what?

A

fungus

53
Q

Bacillus sp and Streptomyces sp are both sources of antibiotics that are G __ bacteria.

A

+

54
Q

Bacillus sp produces?

A

Bacitracin and Polymyxin

55
Q

Streptomyces sp produces?

A

amphotericin B, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, neomycin, nystatin, streptomycin, gentamycin

56
Q

What is the purpose of antimicrobial treatment?

A

No new bacterial production

57
Q

Fungi produces?

A

Cephalosporium and Penicillium sp

58
Q

Penicillium sp creates what two medicines?

A

Penicillin and Griseofulvin (antifungal used for ringworm)

59
Q

What 4 things are involved in the selection and evaluation of drugs?

A
  1. demonstrate selective toxicity
  2. not produce hypersensitivity
  3. soluble in body fluids
  4. note lead to microbial drug resistance
60
Q

Narrow spectrum drugs treat what?

A

only gram + bacteria (example: penicillin)

61
Q

Broad spectrum drugs can treat what?

A

both gram + and gram - bacterias (example: Gentamycin)

62
Q

What is an example of a superinfection that might need antibiotic treatment?

A

candida albicans

63
Q

What is genetic resistance?

A

Will update with answer when I can find it.

Med Micro Exam 3 (10 decks)

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