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Chapter 22 Flashcards

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0
Q

Strong moral convictions influenced his world outlook/champion (progressive):

A
  1. All nations deserved self-determination
  2. Promotion of free trade
  3. Furtherance of democracy
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1
Q

President Wilson did not possess _________ experience

A

Foreign policy

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2
Q

What could President Wilson not avoid?

A

The growing militarism, nationalism and violence

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3
Q

President Wilson was ready to use the ________ including in the Americas

A

Military

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4
Q

President Wilson continued America’s aggressive policy- Marines landed in ______ (1915) and in ______ (1917)

A

Haiti

Dominican Republic

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5
Q

(Taming the Americas)

“I am going to teach South American Republics to elect ______!”

A

good men

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6
Q

President Wilson would military action-

A

Thus allowing American business to intervene in LA

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7
Q

What was the policy in Mexico?

A

“Watchful waiting”

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8
Q

What was General Huerta known as?

A

“The Jackal”

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9
Q

General Huerta seized power (coup with Wilson’s blessing) but he assassinated __________

A

President Madero

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10
Q

In 1914 Wilson sent ____ marines to seize Veracruz to prevent an arms shipment

A

800

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11
Q

US welcomes a new _________ in Mexico

A

Government

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12
Q

Who erupted the Mexican rebellions?

A

Peasants

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13
Q

Who was known as the Mexican Robin Hood?

A

Rebellion commander Francisco “Pancho” Villa

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14
Q

Francisco “Pancho” Villa seized a ______ carrying gold to Texas

A

Train

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15
Q

How many people did Francisco “Pancho” Villa kill in the seize of the train?

A

17

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16
Q

Francisco “Pancho” Villa later made a raid into ________

A

New Mexico

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17
Q

How many people did Francisco “Pancho” Villa kill in the New Mexico rad?

A

18

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18
Q

After the killings at Texas and New Mexico, Wilson released 12,000 troops led by _________

A

General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing

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19
Q

What year were the 12,000 troops recalled?

A

1917

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20
Q

What were 3 characteristics of the Congress of Vienna?

A
  • Task restore stability and order to Europe-PEACE
  • Ring around France
  • Hereditary monarchy alliance
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21
Q

Who were the founders of Germany?

A

William I and Otto van Bismarck

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22
Q

When did Germany become a state?

A

1871

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23
Q

When did Italy become a state?

A

1861

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24
Q

1881: Russia witness violence, who was assassinated?

A

Alexander II

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25
Q

Who created the secret police in Russia?

A

Alexander III

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26
Q

What religion did Alexander III make the official religion of Russia?

A

Eastern Orthodox Church

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27
Q

In 1881 there was a mass exodus of _________

A

Jewish people

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28
Q

What did Kaiser Wilhelm II challenge?

A

Britain naval superiority

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29
Q

What were factors leading to war?

A
  1. Militarism
  2. Nationalism
  3. Imperialism
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30
Q

What were the two secret systems of alliances?

A

Triple Alliances

Triple Entente

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31
Q

Who were known as the “powder keg” of Europe?

A

Balkans

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32
Q

Who was part of the Triple Alliance?

A

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy

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33
Q

Who were the “Allies” known as?

A

Triple Entente

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34
Q

Who was part of the Triple Entente?

A

Great Britain
France
Russia

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35
Q

Where was Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated?

By who?

A

Sarajevo

By Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist

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36
Q

When was Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated?

A

June 28, 1914

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37
Q

Who declares war on Serbia and when?

A

Austria Hungary

On July 29, 1914

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38
Q

Who joins the war in August of 1914?

A

Germany
Russia
France
Britain

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39
Q

Who does Germany invade as soon as they join the war?

A

Belgium

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40
Q

President Wilson announce US would remain ________

A

Neutral

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41
Q

Why did the U.S. remain neutral?

A
  • No national interest

- No principle

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42
Q

What was the advantage of the U.S. remaining neutral?

A

They could trade freely with all nations

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43
Q

Who did the U.S. sympathy lay with?

A

The Triple Entente

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44
Q

Britain’s fleets controlled the seas and set up a blockade of _______ (US protests)

A

Germany

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45
Q

The blockade of Germany by Great Britain has little effect on US because exports to Great Britain increased _____

A

C. 400%

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46
Q

How did Germany retaliate to the blockade put upon them by Great Britain?

A

Germany retaliated with submarine blockade

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47
Q

What happened with the German Submarine blockade?

A

Threatened “Western way of war” and “Civilized Warfare”

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48
Q

How did U-boat threaten “civilized warfare”?

A

Needed to sink shipping and not capable of rescuing survivors

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49
Q

May 1915; ocean liner Lusitania sunk off ______

A

Irish Coast

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50
Q

How many people died in the sinking of Lusitania?

A

1,198 dead including 128 Americans

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51
Q

In the sinking of Lusitania what did the Newspapers show?

A

Showed drowning women and children

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52
Q

In the sinking of Lusitania who remained calm?

A

Secretary of State Bryan

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53
Q

How many years had Britain and France been fighting when America joined the war?

A

3 years

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54
Q

(Russia)

In March 1917, a revolution had forced ________ to abdicate

A

Czar Nicholas II

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55
Q

The ________ withdrew from war

A

Bolshevik revolutionary government

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56
Q

What was the Selective Service Act?

A

Act that authorized the draft of all young men into the armed forces

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57
Q

How big was the army before conscription?

A

80,000

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58
Q

How many people were inducted to the army because of the draft?
How many were black Americans?

A

2.8 million, including the 2 million who volunteered

370,000

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59
Q

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

A

American armed forces under the command of General John Pershing who fought under a separate American Command in Europe during World War I

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60
Q

How many French and British soldiers died and were wounded in the three day battle of Somme?
How many German?

A

600,000

500,000

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61
Q

What was the deadliest battle of the war?

A

Battle of Somme

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62
Q

U.S. Soldiers saw almost no combat in 1917, what was the major exception?

A

92nd Division of black troops

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63
Q

Why did the 92nd face more combat?

A

Pershing received an urgent call for troops from the French so he sent the 92nd to be integrated with the French army because he did not want to lose command over the white troops he valued more

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64
Q

How many days did the 92nd spend in battle?

A

191

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65
Q

The ____ Regiment of the 92nd division received more medals than any other American combat unit

A

369th

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66
Q

Where did the French cry retreat?

A

Belleau Wood

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67
Q

In 1918, ______ of US troops joined the route of German forces along the Marne River

A

1/4 of a million

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68
Q

Why did Kaiser Wilhelm II flee to Holland?

A

A revolt agains German government

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69
Q

When was the armistice that brought the fighting to an end signed by the French and Germans?

A

November 11, 1918

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70
Q

By the end of the war ________ AEF soldiers perished from wounds and disease while another _______ suffered casualties but survived

A

112,000

230,000

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71
Q 
Many soldiers died in the war:
\_\_\_\_ Germans died
\_\_\_\_ Russians died
\_\_\_\_ French died 
\_\_\_\_ Britons died
A

2.2 million
1.9 million
1.4 million
900,000

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72
Q

After Lusitania Wilson states that any further attacks on US shipping would be viewed as ________

A

Unfriendly

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73
Q

After Lusitania:

Germany apologize for death of civilians and promised no further attacks without _________

A

Warning

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74
Q

In 1916 when Wilson was reelected what was his campaign slogan?

A

“He kept us out of war”

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75
Q

What did Germany issue in 1916?

A

Sussex Pledge

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76
Q

In 1917 Germany announced that the Sussex pledge was resuming policy of ____________

A

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

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77
Q

Why was the allied powers in trouble around 1917?

A
  • Morale low (3 yrs of fighting)

- Russia in Turmoil

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78
Q

Why was Russia in turmoil?

A

Czar Nicholas II abdicated and they later withdraw from WWI

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79
Q

Who made Czar Nicholas II abdicate?

A

Bolsheviks

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80
Q

What happened when Russia withdrew from the war?

A

It allowed Germany to redeploy eastern front troops to western front

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81
Q

When and where did Bolshevik Revolution occur?

A

Russia and 1917

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82
Q

In Russia industrialization created new wealth, little to improve life for ________

A

the majority

83
Q

What is the Prelude of the Russian revolution?

A

Bloody Sunday and 1905 revolution

84
Q

What manifesto did Czar Nicholas II create?

A

October Manifesto

85
Q

(Russian Revolution)

War was a disaster _______, ________, _______, ________, _______.

A

Economically, inflation, trade loss, blood, treasure etc.

86
Q

How many revolutions were in the Russian revolution?

A

2 revolutions

87
Q

What was the February revolution?

A

Protest marches and Czar Nicholas II called on his army to dwell the demonstrations but the army refuses and he abdicates

88
Q

Who was Vlademir Lenin?

A

The leader of a group of soviets called the Bolsheviks

89
Q

Who was another leader of the Bolsheviks besides Lenin?

A

Leon Trotsky

90
Q

What was also known as the October Revolution?

A

Bolshevik Revolution

91
Q

The Bolshevik Revolution overthrew the provisional government and established a __________

A

Communist government

92
Q

1917: ___________ exposed by the press

A

Zimmerman Telegram

93
Q

What did the Zimmerman telegram state about U-boats?

A

U boats continued to sink merchant ships

94
Q

After Zimmerman telegram what does president Wilson ask congress?

A

For a declaration of war

95
Q

After Zimmerman telegram congress votes _____

A

For war

96
Q

Who was the Zimmerman telegram from and to who?

A

From Germany to the German ambassador in Mexico

97
Q

Zimmerman telegram was a __________

A

Decoded message

98
Q

What was the Sussex pledge?

A

A pledge made after the sinking of the merchant ship Sussex

99
Q

What did the Sussex pledge state?

A

1) Passenger ships would not be targeted
2) Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons was established, possibly by searching the ship
3) merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers

100
Q

How many casualties was chemical warfare responsible for?

A

1.3 million

101
Q

What was the effect of chlorine gas on the victim?

A

Lungs filled with liquid

102
Q

What were the physical characteristics of mustard gas?

A

Yellow-brown in color and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic or horse radish

103
Q

What did mustard gas cause the victim to have?

A

Caused b,oysters on skin and lunges and also temporary blindness

104
Q

How many pilots were killed in training?

A

More than 1/2

105
Q

What was the life expectancy of war pilots?

A

Several weeks (c. 50 hours of flight time)

106
Q

What color did Baron Richthofen paint his plane?

A

Bright red

107
Q

What did Baron Richthofen decorate his plane with?

A

Decorated his walls with the serial number of downed British aircraft

108
Q

How many kills did Baron Richthofen have?

A

80 kills

109
Q

When was Baron Richthofen killed?

A

April 21, 1918

110
Q

Why was the battle of Somme also called the Somme offensive?

A

It is an offensive of the French and British

111
Q

Who won the battle of Somme?

A

Allied victory

112
Q

How many casualties did the French and Britain have in the Battle of Somme?

A

600,000

113
Q

How many casualties did the German have in the Battle of Somme?

A

500,000

114
Q

How many miles did the allies advance in the Battle of Somme?

A

6 miles

115
Q

What were the four reasons the US entered the war?

A
  1. Economic interests; ties and sympathies to allies, example allies purchased over $ 3B in goods and burrowed over $2B in bonds
  2. Allied propaganda
  3. Germany’s resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare
  4. Russian revolution and the Czar’s abdication
116
Q

What did the selective service act do?

A

It activated the draft

117
Q

How many American men were under in uniform after the draft

A

4 million (2.8 million draftees) (2 million served “over there”)

118
Q

How many African Americans served in the war for the U.S.?

A

400,000 African Americans (100,000 in combat)

119
Q

Who was the American expeditionary forced commanded by?

A

General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing

120
Q

American soldiers were called __________

A

“Dough boys”

121
Q

What were two main heroes for the US in the war and what award did they both received?

A

Fighter pilot Eddie Rickenbacker and infantry man Sergeant Alvin York
Both awarded Medal of Honor

122
Q

What profession did Eddie Rickenbacker have?

A

Race car driver

123
Q

Who was the most successful American pilot?

A

Eddie Rickenbacker

124
Q

How many victories did Eddie Rickenbacker have?

A

26 victories

125
Q

Eddie Rickenbacker won __________

A

The Medal of Honor

126
Q

Eddie Rickenbacker served _____ more than any other American pilot

A

300 hours

127
Q

Eddie Rickenbacker served in the _____

A

94th Aero “Hat-in-the ring”

128
Q

What was the highest military award?

A

Medal of Honor

129
Q

Who was the most decorated soldier of WWI?

A

Sergeant Alvin York

130
Q

Did Sergeant Alvin York win the Medal of Honor?

A

Yes

131
Q

What company was Sergeant Alvin York a part of?

A

Company G

132
Q

How many decorations did sergeant Alvin York receive?

A

50 decorations

133
Q

March 1918; ____________ ultimately failed- Germany forced to retreat back to Germany

A

Germans’ Spring Offensive

134
Q

Over _____ American troops participated in the Meuse-Argonne counteroffensive

A

1 million

135
Q

When to when was the Meuse-Argonne counteroffensive?

A

September- November

136
Q

Nov. 11- an armistice (ceasefire) reached; in the US., it is celebrated as ___________

A

Veterans’ Day

137
Q

How many allied deaths were there at the end of the war?

A

5,142,631

138
Q

How many central deaths were there at the end of the war?

A

3,386,200

139
Q

How many deaths were there in total at the end of the war?

A

8,528,831

140
Q

Progressives-

A

war could change nation for the better

141
Q

Federal government would have greater control of human & physical resources with ________

A

new agencies

142
Q

What was the 18th amendment (prohibition)?

A

Banned manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol

143
Q

Federal government emphasized ________, not compulsion

A

voluntarism

144
Q

What was the war’s cost?

A

33 Billion

145
Q

In what two ways was the war’s cost paid?

A
  1. Loans, esp. “Liberty Bonds” ($22 B.)
  2. Federal income taxes on corporations and the wealthy ($11 B.)
146
Q

The war required a reevaluation of the government/business relationship. Response-

A

an increased level of cooperation with some regulation

147
Q

Agencies included:

A

War Industries Board
Food Administration
War Labor Board

148
Q

Who made the War industries board?

A

Bernard Baruch

149
Q

Who made the Food Administration?

A

Herbert Hoover

150
Q

What did the War Industries Board do?

A

coordinated purchases, pricing, manufacturing standards, etc

151
Q

What was the slogan of the Food Administration?

A

“Food will win the war.”

152
Q

What did the Food administration call?

A

called for “meatless” Mondays,
“wheat less” Wed.’s

153
Q

Who made the War Labor Board?

A

Felix Frankfurter

154
Q

What did the War Labor Board do?

A

Set 8 hour workdays and equal pay for women; prohibited labor strikes

155
Q

How many women served in France?

A

25,000

156
Q

How many of the women that served in France were nurses?

What were the others?

A

1/2 Nurses

rest drivers, food service, humanitarian roles, correspondents and telephone operators

157
Q

What amendment was the Woman’s suffrage amendment?

A

19th amendment

158
Q

What were the few peace activists labeled?

A

Cowards/traitors

159
Q

What took control over the hearts and minds of Americans?

A

Committee on Public Information
Use of “four-minute men” to give speeches
expansion of propaganda to stir nativism
anti-German feeling; encouraged “100% Americanism”

160
Q

Who was the director of the Committee on Public Information?

A

George Creel

161
Q

There was an anti-German ___________

A

Sentiment

162
Q

Saturday evening post-

A

“Scum of the melting-pot”

163
Q

Who was Robert Prager?

A

A German socialist who was lynched and acquitted

164
Q

In the war Americans also changed the name of German __________

A

Food items

165
Q

When did the soccer game take place?

A

December 25, 1914

166
Q

Espionage Act (1917) Sedition Act (1918)-

A

heavy fines & prison sentences for antiwar actions

167
Q

How many people were arrested because of The Espionage Act and theS edition Act (1918)?

A

Approx 1500

168
Q

Who was prosecuted and convicted because of anti war actions?

A

Bill Haywood & Eugene V. Debs (socialist)

169
Q

S.C. case-

A

Schenck v. United States

170
Q

When did the Paris Peace Conference take place?

A

January - June 28,1919

171
Q

Who were the “Big four” of the Paris Peace Conference?

A
  1. President Wilson (USA)
  2. Prime Minister David Lloyd George (UK)
  3. Pres. Georges Clemenceau (France)
  4. Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
172
Q

(President Wilson)

What were some things mentioned in Idealism?

A

“peace without victory”; “war to end all wars”; “make the world safe for democracy”

173
Q

(President Wilson)

What was the Basis?

A

the Fourteen Points (self-determination, collective security)

174
Q

Allies wanted Vengeance against ___________

A

Germany

175
Q

Allies seized _________

A

Territory

176
Q

What did the allies limit?

A

The fourteen points

177
Q

(Versailles Peace Treaty)

Who was blamed for the war and what were they forced to do?

A

Germany and they were forced to make reparation payments ($33 billion)

178
Q

(Versailles Peace Treaty)

Germany stripped of all _________

A

Colonies

179
Q

(Versailles Peace Treaty)

Germany forced to surrender __________

A

Border areas

180
Q

(Versailles Peace Treaty)

Germany forced to completely __________

A

Disarm

181
Q

(Versailles Peace Treaty)

What was created?

A

League of Nations

182
Q

Who was the League of Nations proposed by?

A

President Woodrow Wilson

183
Q

What was the League of Nations?

A

General association of nations

184
Q

(League of Nations)

“Parliament of _______”

A

Man

185
Q

Why did the U.S. never become a member of the League of Nations?

A

US Senate never ratified the Treaty of Versailles,

186
Q

What ended WWI

A

Treaty of Versailles

187
Q

Treaty of Versailles redrew a map of __________

A

Europe

188
Q

Senate opposition to the League of Nations-

A

“Irreconcilables” (isolationists), “Reservationists”

189
Q

Why was the Treaty of Versailles never ratified in the US?

A

President Wilson failed to compromise

190
Q

Wilson suffered a _______

A

Stroke

191
Q

US made a separate peace with ____________ in 1921

A

Germany, Austria, and Hungary

192
Q

(Democracy at Risk)

Americans were disillusioned with the war; ________ for farmers and industry were over after the war finished

A

boom times

193
Q

(Democracy at Risk)

Millions of soldiers and sailors returned to society; rise in ___________ in the job market

A

unemployment and turmoil

194
Q

(Democracy at risk)
Unemployment rate rose Rising inflation led to a wave of strikes and lockouts- over _______ went on strike in
1919; country’s economy was in a recession from 1920-1922

A

4 million

195
Q

What were the three major strikes that occurred in 1919?

A

Seattle general strike
Boston policeman
Steel workers

196
Q

What was the “Red Scare” (1919-1920)?

A

Public fears of communist infiltration led to panic

197
Q

What were “Palmer Raids”?

A

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted raids and deportations of suspected subversives, including anarchist Emma Goldman

198
Q

What was the USS Buford also known as?

A

“Soviet Ark”

199
Q

1919- USS Buford delivered:

A

Over 250 deported extremists to Finland & Russia

200
Q

Over ________ blacks moved from the south between 1915 & 1920

A

500,000

201
Q

Approx. ________ Mexicans migrated to the Southwest and California

A

100,000

202
Q

BY 1920, nearly _________ people of Mexican descent lived in the US

A

500,000

203
Q

Both groups (Mexican and blacks) suffered from __________

A

discrimination and resentment

204
Q

__________ won the 1920 election

A

Warren G. Harding

205
Q

How much did Warren G. Harding serve?

A

served from 1921-1923

206
Q

Slogans of the migration of Mexicans and blacks:

A

“return to normalcy”; “less government in business and more business in government”

History (13 decks)

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