Chapter 22 Flashcards
0
Q
Strong moral convictions influenced his world outlook/champion (progressive):
A
- All nations deserved self-determination
- Promotion of free trade
- Furtherance of democracy
1
Q
President Wilson did not possess _________ experience
A
Foreign policy
2
Q
What could President Wilson not avoid?
A
The growing militarism, nationalism and violence
3
Q
President Wilson was ready to use the ________ including in the Americas
A
Military
4
Q
President Wilson continued America’s aggressive policy- Marines landed in ______ (1915) and in ______ (1917)
A
Haiti
Dominican Republic
5
Q
(Taming the Americas)
“I am going to teach South American Republics to elect ______!”
A
good men
6
Q
President Wilson would military action-
A
Thus allowing American business to intervene in LA
7
Q
What was the policy in Mexico?
A
“Watchful waiting”
8
Q
What was General Huerta known as?
A
“The Jackal”
9
Q
General Huerta seized power (coup with Wilson’s blessing) but he assassinated __________
A
President Madero
10
Q
In 1914 Wilson sent ____ marines to seize Veracruz to prevent an arms shipment
A
800
11
Q
US welcomes a new _________ in Mexico
A
Government
12
Q
Who erupted the Mexican rebellions?
A
Peasants
13
Q
Who was known as the Mexican Robin Hood?
A
Rebellion commander Francisco “Pancho” Villa
14
Q
Francisco “Pancho” Villa seized a ______ carrying gold to Texas
A
Train
15
Q
How many people did Francisco “Pancho” Villa kill in the seize of the train?
A
17
16
Q
Francisco “Pancho” Villa later made a raid into ________
A
New Mexico
17
Q
How many people did Francisco “Pancho” Villa kill in the New Mexico rad?
A
18
18
Q
After the killings at Texas and New Mexico, Wilson released 12,000 troops led by _________
A
General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing
19
Q
What year were the 12,000 troops recalled?
A
1917
20
Q
What were 3 characteristics of the Congress of Vienna?
A
- Task restore stability and order to Europe-PEACE
- Ring around France
- Hereditary monarchy alliance
21
Q
Who were the founders of Germany?
A
William I and Otto van Bismarck
22
Q
When did Germany become a state?
A
1871
23
Q
When did Italy become a state?
A
1861
24
1881: Russia witness violence, who was assassinated?
Alexander II
25
Who created the secret police in Russia?
Alexander III
26
What religion did Alexander III make the official religion of Russia?
Eastern Orthodox Church
27
In 1881 there was a mass exodus of _________
Jewish people
28
What did Kaiser Wilhelm II challenge?
Britain naval superiority
29
What were factors leading to war?
1. Militarism
2. Nationalism
3. Imperialism
30
What were the two secret systems of alliances?
Triple Alliances
| Triple Entente
31
Who were known as the "powder keg" of Europe?
Balkans
32
Who was part of the Triple Alliance?
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
33
Who were the "Allies" known as?
Triple Entente
34
Who was part of the Triple Entente?
Great Britain
France
Russia
35
Where was Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated?
| By who?
Sarajevo
| By Gavrilo Princip, Serbian nationalist
36
When was Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated?
June 28, 1914
37
Who declares war on Serbia and when?
Austria Hungary
| On July 29, 1914
38
Who joins the war in August of 1914?
Germany
Russia
France
Britain
39
Who does Germany invade as soon as they join the war?
Belgium
40
President Wilson announce US would remain ________
Neutral
41
Why did the U.S. remain neutral?
- No national interest
| - No principle
42
What was the advantage of the U.S. remaining neutral?
They could trade freely with all nations
43
Who did the U.S. sympathy lay with?
The Triple Entente
44
Britain's fleets controlled the seas and set up a blockade of _______ (US protests)
Germany
45
The blockade of Germany by Great Britain has little effect on US because exports to Great Britain increased _____
C. 400%
46
How did Germany retaliate to the blockade put upon them by Great Britain?
Germany retaliated with submarine blockade
47
What happened with the German Submarine blockade?
Threatened "Western way of war" and "Civilized Warfare"
48
How did U-boat threaten "civilized warfare"?
Needed to sink shipping and not capable of rescuing survivors
49
May 1915; ocean liner Lusitania sunk off ______
Irish Coast
50
How many people died in the sinking of Lusitania?
1,198 dead including 128 Americans
51
In the sinking of Lusitania what did the Newspapers show?
Showed drowning women and children
52
In the sinking of Lusitania who remained calm?
Secretary of State Bryan
53
How many years had Britain and France been fighting when America joined the war?
3 years
54
(Russia)
| In March 1917, a revolution had forced ________ to abdicate
Czar Nicholas II
55
The ________ withdrew from war
Bolshevik revolutionary government
56
What was the Selective Service Act?
Act that authorized the draft of all young men into the armed forces
57
How big was the army before conscription?
80,000
58
How many people were inducted to the army because of the draft?
How many were black Americans?
2.8 million, including the 2 million who volunteered
| 370,000
59
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
American armed forces under the command of General John Pershing who fought under a separate American Command in Europe during World War I
60
How many French and British soldiers died and were wounded in the three day battle of Somme?
How many German?
600,000
| 500,000
61
What was the deadliest battle of the war?
Battle of Somme
62
U.S. Soldiers saw almost no combat in 1917, what was the major exception?
92nd Division of black troops
63
Why did the 92nd face more combat?
Pershing received an urgent call for troops from the French so he sent the 92nd to be integrated with the French army because he did not want to lose command over the white troops he valued more
64
How many days did the 92nd spend in battle?
191
65
The ____ Regiment of the 92nd division received more medals than any other American combat unit
369th
66
Where did the French cry retreat?
Belleau Wood
67
In 1918, ______ of US troops joined the route of German forces along the Marne River
1/4 of a million
68
Why did Kaiser Wilhelm II flee to Holland?
A revolt agains German government
69
When was the armistice that brought the fighting to an end signed by the French and Germans?
November 11, 1918
70
By the end of the war ________ AEF soldiers perished from wounds and disease while another _______ suffered casualties but survived
112,000
| 230,000
71
```
Many soldiers died in the war:
____ Germans died
____ Russians died
____ French died
____ Britons died
```
2.2 million
1.9 million
1.4 million
900,000
72
After Lusitania Wilson states that any further attacks on US shipping would be viewed as ________
Unfriendly
73
After Lusitania:
| Germany apologize for death of civilians and promised no further attacks without _________
Warning
74
In 1916 when Wilson was reelected what was his campaign slogan?
"He kept us out of war"
75
What did Germany issue in 1916?
Sussex Pledge
76
In 1917 Germany announced that the Sussex pledge was resuming policy of ____________
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
77
Why was the allied powers in trouble around 1917?
- Morale low (3 yrs of fighting)
| - Russia in Turmoil
78
Why was Russia in turmoil?
Czar Nicholas II abdicated and they later withdraw from WWI
79
Who made Czar Nicholas II abdicate?
Bolsheviks
80
What happened when Russia withdrew from the war?
It allowed Germany to redeploy eastern front troops to western front
81
When and where did Bolshevik Revolution occur?
Russia and 1917
82
In Russia industrialization created new wealth, little to improve life for ________
the majority
83
What is the Prelude of the Russian revolution?
Bloody Sunday and 1905 revolution
84
What manifesto did Czar Nicholas II create?
October Manifesto
85
(Russian Revolution)
| War was a disaster _______, ________, _______, ________, _______.
Economically, inflation, trade loss, blood, treasure etc.
86
How many revolutions were in the Russian revolution?
2 revolutions
87
What was the February revolution?
Protest marches and Czar Nicholas II called on his army to dwell the demonstrations but the army refuses and he abdicates
88
Who was Vlademir Lenin?
The leader of a group of soviets called the Bolsheviks
89
Who was another leader of the Bolsheviks besides Lenin?
Leon Trotsky
90
What was also known as the October Revolution?
Bolshevik Revolution
91
The Bolshevik Revolution overthrew the provisional government and established a __________
Communist government
92
1917: ___________ exposed by the press
Zimmerman Telegram
93
What did the Zimmerman telegram state about U-boats?
U boats continued to sink merchant ships
94
After Zimmerman telegram what does president Wilson ask congress?
For a declaration of war
95
After Zimmerman telegram congress votes _____
For war
96
Who was the Zimmerman telegram from and to who?
From Germany to the German ambassador in Mexico
97
Zimmerman telegram was a __________
Decoded message
98
What was the Sussex pledge?
A pledge made after the sinking of the merchant ship Sussex
99
What did the Sussex pledge state?
1) Passenger ships would not be targeted
2) Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons was established, possibly by searching the ship
3) merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers
100
How many casualties was chemical warfare responsible for?
1.3 million
101
What was the effect of chlorine gas on the victim?
Lungs filled with liquid
102
What were the physical characteristics of mustard gas?
Yellow-brown in color and have an odor resembling mustard plants, garlic or horse radish
103
What did mustard gas cause the victim to have?
Caused b,oysters on skin and lunges and also temporary blindness
104
How many pilots were killed in training?
More than 1/2
105
What was the life expectancy of war pilots?
Several weeks (c. 50 hours of flight time)
106
What color did Baron Richthofen paint his plane?
Bright red
107
What did Baron Richthofen decorate his plane with?
Decorated his walls with the serial number of downed British aircraft
108
How many kills did Baron Richthofen have?
80 kills
109
When was Baron Richthofen killed?
April 21, 1918
110
Why was the battle of Somme also called the Somme offensive?
It is an offensive of the French and British
111
Who won the battle of Somme?
Allied victory
112
How many casualties did the French and Britain have in the Battle of Somme?
600,000
113
How many casualties did the German have in the Battle of Somme?
500,000
114
How many miles did the allies advance in the Battle of Somme?
6 miles
115
What were the four reasons the US entered the war?
1. Economic interests; ties and sympathies to allies, example allies purchased over $ 3B in goods and burrowed over $2B in bonds
2. Allied propaganda
3. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare
4. Russian revolution and the Czar's abdication
116
What did the selective service act do?
It activated the draft
117
How many American men were under in uniform after the draft
4 million (2.8 million draftees) (2 million served "over there")
118
How many African Americans served in the war for the U.S.?
400,000 African Americans (100,000 in combat)
119
Who was the American expeditionary forced commanded by?
General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing
120
American soldiers were called __________
"Dough boys"
121
What were two main heroes for the US in the war and what award did they both received?
Fighter pilot Eddie Rickenbacker and infantry man Sergeant Alvin York
Both awarded Medal of Honor
122
What profession did Eddie Rickenbacker have?
Race car driver
123
Who was the most successful American pilot?
Eddie Rickenbacker
124
How many victories did Eddie Rickenbacker have?
26 victories
125
Eddie Rickenbacker won __________
The Medal of Honor
126
Eddie Rickenbacker served _____ more than any other American pilot
300 hours
127
Eddie Rickenbacker served in the _____
94th Aero "Hat-in-the ring"
128
What was the highest military award?
Medal of Honor
129
Who was the most decorated soldier of WWI?
Sergeant Alvin York
130
Did Sergeant Alvin York win the Medal of Honor?
Yes
131
What company was Sergeant Alvin York a part of?
Company G
132
How many decorations did sergeant Alvin York receive?
50 decorations
133
March 1918; ____________ ultimately failed- Germany forced to retreat back to Germany
Germans' Spring Offensive
134
Over _____ American troops participated in the Meuse-Argonne counteroffensive
1 million
135
When to when was the Meuse-Argonne counteroffensive?
September- November
136
Nov. 11- an armistice (ceasefire) reached; in the US., it is celebrated as ___________
Veterans' Day
137
How many allied deaths were there at the end of the war?
5,142,631
138
How many central deaths were there at the end of the war?
3,386,200
139
How many deaths were there in total at the end of the war?
8,528,831
140
Progressives-
war could change nation for the better
141
Federal government would have greater control of human & physical resources with ________
new agencies
142
What was the 18th amendment (prohibition)?
Banned manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol
143
Federal government emphasized ________, not compulsion
voluntarism
144
What was the war's cost?
33 Billion
145
In what two ways was the war's cost paid?
1. Loans, esp. "Liberty Bonds" ($22 B.)
2. Federal income taxes on corporations and the wealthy ($11 B.)
146
The war required a reevaluation of the government/business relationship. Response-
an increased level of cooperation with some regulation
147
Agencies included:
War Industries Board
Food Administration
War Labor Board
148
Who made the War industries board?
Bernard Baruch
149
Who made the Food Administration?
Herbert Hoover
150
What did the War Industries Board do?
coordinated purchases, pricing, manufacturing standards, etc
151
What was the slogan of the Food Administration?
"Food will win the war."
152
What did the Food administration call?
called for "meatless" Mondays,
"wheat less" Wed.'s
153
Who made the War Labor Board?
Felix Frankfurter
154
What did the War Labor Board do?
Set 8 hour workdays and equal pay for women; prohibited labor strikes
155
How many women served in France?
25,000
156
How many of the women that served in France were nurses?
| What were the others?
1/2 Nurses
| rest drivers, food service, humanitarian roles, correspondents and telephone operators
157
What amendment was the Woman's suffrage amendment?
19th amendment
158
What were the few peace activists labeled?
Cowards/traitors
159
What took control over the hearts and minds of Americans?
Committee on Public Information
Use of "four-minute men" to give speeches
expansion of propaganda to stir nativism
anti-German feeling; encouraged "100% Americanism"
160
Who was the director of the Committee on Public Information?
George Creel
161
There was an anti-German ___________
Sentiment
162
Saturday evening post-
"Scum of the melting-pot"
163
Who was Robert Prager?
A German socialist who was lynched and acquitted
164
In the war Americans also changed the name of German __________
Food items
165
When did the soccer game take place?
December 25, 1914
166
Espionage Act (1917) Sedition Act (1918)-
heavy fines & prison sentences for antiwar actions
167
How many people were arrested because of The Espionage Act and theS edition Act (1918)?
Approx 1500
168
Who was prosecuted and convicted because of anti war actions?
Bill Haywood & Eugene V. Debs (socialist)
169
S.C. case-
Schenck v. United States
170
When did the Paris Peace Conference take place?
January - June 28,1919
171
Who were the "Big four" of the Paris Peace Conference?
1. President Wilson (USA)
2. Prime Minister David Lloyd George (UK)
3. Pres. Georges Clemenceau (France)
4. Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
172
(President Wilson)
| What were some things mentioned in Idealism?
"peace without victory"; "war to end all wars"; "make the world safe for democracy"
173
(President Wilson)
| What was the Basis?
the Fourteen Points (self-determination, collective security)
174
Allies wanted Vengeance against ___________
Germany
175
Allies seized _________
Territory
176
What did the allies limit?
The fourteen points
177
(Versailles Peace Treaty)
| Who was blamed for the war and what were they forced to do?
Germany and they were forced to make reparation payments ($33 billion)
178
(Versailles Peace Treaty)
| Germany stripped of all _________
Colonies
179
(Versailles Peace Treaty)
| Germany forced to surrender __________
Border areas
180
(Versailles Peace Treaty)
| Germany forced to completely __________
Disarm
181
(Versailles Peace Treaty)
| What was created?
League of Nations
182
Who was the League of Nations proposed by?
President Woodrow Wilson
183
What was the League of Nations?
General association of nations
184
(League of Nations)
| "Parliament of _______"
Man
185
Why did the U.S. never become a member of the League of Nations?
US Senate never ratified the Treaty of Versailles,
186
What ended WWI
Treaty of Versailles
187
Treaty of Versailles redrew a map of __________
Europe
188
Senate opposition to the League of Nations-
"Irreconcilables" (isolationists), "Reservationists"
189
Why was the Treaty of Versailles never ratified in the US?
President Wilson failed to compromise
190
Wilson suffered a _______
Stroke
191
US made a separate peace with ____________ in 1921
Germany, Austria, and Hungary
192
(Democracy at Risk)
| Americans were disillusioned with the war; ________ for farmers and industry were over after the war finished
boom times
193
(Democracy at Risk)
| Millions of soldiers and sailors returned to society; rise in ___________ in the job market
unemployment and turmoil
194
(Democracy at risk)
Unemployment rate rose Rising inflation led to a wave of strikes and lockouts- over _______ went on strike in
1919; country's economy was in a recession from 1920-1922
4 million
195
What were the three major strikes that occurred in 1919?
Seattle general strike
Boston policeman
Steel workers
196
What was the "Red Scare" (1919-1920)?
Public fears of communist infiltration led to panic
197
What were "Palmer Raids"?
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted raids and deportations of suspected subversives, including anarchist Emma Goldman
198
What was the USS Buford also known as?
"Soviet Ark"
199
1919- USS Buford delivered:
Over 250 deported extremists to Finland & Russia
200
Over ________ blacks moved from the south between 1915 & 1920
500,000
201
Approx. ________ Mexicans migrated to the Southwest and California
100,000
202
BY 1920, nearly _________ people of Mexican descent lived in the US
500,000
203
Both groups (Mexican and blacks) suffered from __________
discrimination and resentment
204
__________ won the 1920 election
Warren G. Harding
205
How much did Warren G. Harding serve?
served from 1921-1923
206
Slogans of the migration of Mexicans and blacks:
"return to normalcy"; "less government in business and more business in government"
