Chapter 21 Flashcards
From when to when did progressivism last?
It lasted from the mid-1890s to the end of WWI
What is Progressivism?
A belief by mainly middle class Americans that the social, economic and political progress of the nation required the intervention by concerned citizens willing to initiate reforms at the local, state and national levels
What was progressivism concerned with?
Fair business practice Public health Honesty in government Woman's suffrage Child labor
What established in poor neighborhoods (beginning in 1880s)?
Settlement house movement (England)
Who formed the backbone of the settlement house movement?
College educated Women like Jane Adams and Lillian Wald
What was the social gospel?
Christian version of reforming individuals and society
What was the social gospel a correction to?
Social Darwinism/gospel of faith
In the social gospel, _______ is not a signal of divine favor
Wealth
What were the temperance/prohibition?
Attacks on alcohol, hand in hand with social purity
What element did the temperance/prohibition have?
Nativism
Alcoholism was because of the _______ not hereditary and that is human hereditary
Environment
(Progressives and the working class)
Labor _________ to settlement houses
Sympathetic
(Progressives and the working class)
______ alliance
Cross-class
(Progressives and the working class) In what organization did the working and middle class women unite? What were they under?
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
American Federation of labor (AFL)
What year was the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
1911
What did the tragedy at the triangle shirtwaist company result in?
It resulted in public outcry over safety codes
How many women died at the tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
146
What is the Triangle Shirtwaist company today?
The Brown Building (NYU science lab)
Who founded Hull House in 1889?
Jane Addams
Who was Roosevelt’s successor?
William Taft
What paved the way for Wilson’s victory in 1912?
The split in the Republican Party
What was Progressivism?
A reform movement that often advocated government activism to mitigate the problems created by urban industrialism.
When did progressivism reach its peak?
In 1912 with the creation of the Progressive party.
What has the term progressive come to mean?
Any general effort advocating for social welfare programs
What is a settlement house?
Settlement established in poor neighborhoods beginning in 1880s.
What did reformers like Jane Addams and Lillian Wald believe?
They believed that only by living among the poor could they help bridge the growing class divide.
_________ formed the backbone of the settlement house movement
College educated women
What is the social gospel?
A Vision of Christianity that saw its mission not simply to reform individuals but to reform society
When did the settlement house movement come from England to the United States?
In 1886 with the opening of the University Settlement house in New York City.
The settlement house movement gave college educated women a chance to _________
Put their talents to use
Settlements like Hull House grew from ___ in 1891 to ___ in 1911.
Six
More than four hundred
In the process of settlements, what profession did women create?
Social work
What famous book did Charles M. Sheldon write?
In his steps (1898)
What did the popular book ‘In His Steps’ call men and women to do?
To Christianize capitalism by asking the question, “What would Jesus do”
What was the social purity movement?
The campaign to attack vice
To end the “social evil” as reformers delicately referred to prostituiom, the social purity movement brought together:
Ministers who wished to stamp out sin
Doctors concerned about the spread of venereal disease
Women reformers
Advanced progressives linked ______ to _____ and championed higher wages for women
Prostitution to poverty
When did the Anti-saloon league form?
1895
Who was the Anti-Saloon League led by?
Protestant clergy
The Anti Saloon league and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union campaigned to __________
End the sale of liquor
What’s nativism?
Dislike of foreigners
What were the three main groups stigmatized by temperance reformers for their drinking?
Irish
Italians
Germans
By 1912, ____ states were “dry” meaning they had no alcohol
Seven
Who complained that her bookbinders met in a dirty, noisy saloon?
Mary Kenney O’Sullivan
When did the attempt to forge a cross-class alliance become institutionalized?
In 1903 with the creation of Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
The WTUL brought together ______ and _______
Woman workers and middle class allies
What was the goal of the WTUL?
To organize working women into Unions under the auspices under the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
What was the WTUL’s most noticeable success?
Came in 1909 in the “uprising of twenty thousand” when hundreds of women employees of the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York City went to strike to protest low wages, dangerous working conditions and management’s refusal to recognize their union, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union.
But for all its success, the uprising of the twenty thousand ________ fundamentally to change conditions for women workers as the tragic triangle fire dramatized in 1911
Failed
The owners of the triangle firm went to trial for negligence, but they avoided conviction when authorities determined that ___________ stated the fire.
A careless smoker
The Triangle Shirtwaist company reopened in another _______ within a matter of weeks
Firetrap
Who made a bitter speech at the memorial service for the dead Triangle workers?
Rose Schneiderman, a leading WTUL organizer
WTUL leaders determined that organizing and striking were no longer enough, particularly when the AFL ______ to women workers.
Paid so little attention
After the triangle fire the WTUL turned its efforts to ________- laws that would limit hours and regulate women’s working conditions
Lobbying for protective registrations.
The National Consumer League (NCL) also fostered cross-class alliance and advocated for __________
Protective legislation
Who took over the leadership of the NCL in 1899?
Florence Kelley
What did Florence Kelley urge?
She urged middle class women to boycott stores and exert pressure for decent wages and working conditions for women employees
Why did advocated of protective legislation win a major victory in 1908?
The Supreme Court in Muller v. Oregon reversed its previous rulings and upheld an Oregon law that limited to ten the number of hours women could work a day
What did the Muller v. Oregon case limit the amount of hours women could work a day to?
Ten
A mass of sociological evidence put together by _________ of the NCL and _________ of the WTUL convinced the court that long house endangered women and therefore the entire human race.
Florence Kelley
Josephine Goldmark
The WTUL greeted protective legislation the first step in the attempt to _______
Ensure the safety of all workers
Jane Addams insisted that in an urban industrial society that a good housekeeper could not be sure the food she fed her family was pure unless ________
She became involved in politics and wielded the ballot and not just the broom to protect her family
Who was the founder of the social gospel movement?
Washington Gladden
________ was a pioneer in the settlement house movement and founded Hull House in Chicago
Jane Addams
________ was the “mother of public health nursing”, and she founded the Henry Street Settlement (NYC)
Lillian Wald
Who led the National Consumer League to protect women and children?
Florence Kelley
Progressivism was a “liberal movement”:
- Govt. should be more active
- Social problems are impacted by govt. action and legislation
- Money is needed to fix problems
- Reliance upon scientific investigation and academic expertise
Who pioneered the study of time and motion?
Frederick Wilson Taylor
What did Frederick Wilson Taylor author?
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
What questioned survival of the fittest?
Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering
(Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering)
Use ________ to reform environment
Intellect
(Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering)
Who said “blind natural forces in society must give way to human foresight”
Frank Ward, Sociologist
What are “technocrats”?
Scientific bureaucrats who attempt to control social change
1900: _________ won elections in both local and state govt.
Progressivism
Who was the progressive crusader?
Tom Johnson
Who was Tom Johnson?
Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1899-1909
Mayor Tom Johnson wanted to lower prices of fares from ___-___
5-3 cents
Mayor Tom Johnson instituted a new tactic of _________
Municipal ownership
(Mayor Tom Johnson)
“Gas and ______ socialism”
Water
How many times did Mayor Tom Johnson get reelected?
Why did he eventually lose?
4 times
Lost because of reformers like the street cars
What is a referendum?
The practice of submitting a measure passed or proposed by a legislature to the citizen for their approval or rejection
What is a recall?
The removal of a public official from office taken by a vote of the people after a petition drive has been certified
What is an initiative?
A procedure by which citizens propose an ordinance or an amendment and bring it to a popular vote for approval or rejection
Who was the governor of California; US senator?
Hiram Johnson
Hiram Johnson was one of the ________ of the progressive party
Founders
What date was president William McKinley killed?
September 6, 1901
Who was President William McKinley killed by?
Anarchist Leon Czolgosz
Where did the Pan-American exposition take place?
Buffalo, NY
What sickly disease did Theodore Roosevelt have as a child?
Asthma
What was Theodore Roosevelt?
Politician, author, naturalist, soldier, explorer and historian
Who was the youngest man to ever move into White House?
Theodore Roosevelt
At what age did Theodore Roosevelt move into the White House?
42
What number president was Theodore Roosevelt?
26th president
Theodore Roosevelt was ________ and leader progressives
republican
Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to:
Have full time secret service
Theodore Roosevelt strengthened _______ government
Federal
Was Theodore Roosevelt for Laissez-faire?
No, he was anti-laissez-faire
What were the 3 parts of Theodore Roosevelt’s campaign slogan in 1904?
- Natural Resources
- Control of Big Business
- Consumer protection
(The Square Deal)
Believed in the __________; this means the president was a “bully pulpit”
Stewardship theory
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
What was the “Trust Buster”?
Northern securities South Carolina case (1904)
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
What is trust?
Corporation gives shares of stock to trustees, coordinate industry
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
How many times were there anti-trust?
43 times
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
What is an arbitrator?
United Mine workers strike (1902)- “square deal”
In the arbitrator Roosevelt threatened ______ mine
Seize
1906; _________ are signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt
Meat inspection Act and Pure food and Drug act
What did the Meat inspection Act and Pure food and Drug act ban?
Ban mislabeled food products and eventually led to the FDA
Who was the spearhead of Progressivism?
The Muckrakers
What did Lincoln Steffens publish?
The Shame of the Cities (1904)
What did Ida Tarbell publish?
The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)
What did Upton Sinclair publish?
The Jungle (1906)
What time period did Muckraking take place?
Early-twentieth century
What is Muckraking?
Style of journalism that exposed corruption of big business and government
(Muckraking)
Roosevelt coined after a ________ (pilgrims progress)
Character
(Roosevelt conservation)
From ___ acres of forest in government reserves
Roosevelt quadrupled this number to ___ acres
43 million
194 million
Roosevelt was the first president to:
Work and live in the west
(Roosevelt conservation)
Conservation in the hands of experts _______ and _______
Gifford Pinchot (chief forester) John Muir (Sierra club)
Who headed the national forest service?
Gifford Pinchot
John Muir was a conservationist who helped establish __________
He also founded and headed _________
Yosemite National Park
The Sierra Club
(The Big Stick)
Executive power to pursue a vigorous _______
Foreign policy
(The Big Stick)
European relations: military strength and diplomacy ________
Reliance
(The Big Stick)
Strong supporter of the ________
Monroe Doctrine
President Roosevelt extended American influence and supported the idea of the _________
“Civilized” nations
Wielded the “Big Stick” in the __________
Western Hemisphere
Theodore Roosevelt saw the need for __________
A canal under US control
Colombians refused Theodore Roosevelt’s offer of _________
10 M w/250,000 yearly
US intervened in the ________ against Colombia (1903)
Panamanian revolt
The Panama Canal took ____ years
Ten (1904-1914)
How much did the Panama Canal cost to build?
$350 million
How many Americans lives were lost in building of the Panama Canal?
Over 5,500
(Panama Canal)
Who was in charge of operations since Dec 31, 1999?
Panama Canal authority
What is The Monroe Doctrine?
European powers should stay out of the Western Hemisphere and the U.S. would stay out of European affairs
The ________ to the Monroe doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
What is the Roosevelt Corollary?
In order to prevent such intervention, the US was justified in acting first
What did Roosevelt win in 1906?
Nobel Peace Prize
Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize after:
Helping Japan and Russia negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth
Japan had invaded Chinese Manchuria- Theodore Roosevelt concerned for _________
Balance of Power
1907: Roosevelt send the _________ on a world tour
Great White Fleet
“Speak softly but carry a big stick”
Roosevelt does not seek a _______ term
Second
Who was Theodore Roosevelt’s hand picked successor?
William Howard Taft
What did William Howard Taft serve as before president?
Governor of the Philippines and Roosevelt’s secretary of war.
Who did William Howard Taft defeat in 1908?
W.J. Bryan
Did Taft continue Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive policies?
No
(William H. Taft)
Which tariff did Taft support because it benefited big business?
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
(William H. Taft)
Role in the ________ undid hydroelectric power supplie
Pinchot criticizes him therefore he was _______
Ballinger-Pinchot affair
Fired
(William H. Taft)
Supporting house speaker __________ agains the republican “insurgents”
Joseph Cannon
(Election of 1912)
Theodore Roosevelt joins _________
Presidential race
(Election of 1912)
Who did Theodore Roosevelt lose the Republican nomination to?
William H. Taft
When Roosevelt loses the republican election, he accepts the nomination of the new progressive party- aka _________
“Bull moose” party
(Election of 1912)
Progressive platform included tariff revision, regulation of corporations, increased protection for women and children, and an income tax -________
“New Nationalism”
(Election of 1912)
Who did the democrats choose?
He had a progressive reputation
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson was the president of what university?
Princeton University
Woodrow Wilson was the governor of ________
New Jersey
Progressive platform- __________
“New freedom”
What does the progressive platform support?
Banking and currency reform
Lower tariffs
Conservation
Support for free enterprise while busting all monopolies
Name 5 accomplishments of President Wilson.
- Passage of the Underwood Tariff
- Creation of the Federal Trade Commission
- Creation of the Federal Reserve System
- Signed the Clayton Antitrust act into law
- Oversaw the passage of amendments sixteen through nineteen
What did the Passage of Underwood Tariff accomplish?
It lowered tariffs
What was theFederal Trade Commission?
1914- regulatory agency prosecute for ‘unfair trade’
What’s the Federaal Reserve System?
12 regional banks= private but regulated and supervised
What did the Clayton Antitrust Act do?
Outlaw ‘unfair trade’
Wilson disappointed progressive when he claimed that the movement had met all set goals by _____
He rejected further _______
1914
Reform efforts
1916: Wilson won reelection in part because he returned to his _________
Progressive groups
Ideals of progressivism were challenged by competing groups such as _________
Socialist
What was the Radical Labor Union?
The international workers of the world
What was the Radical Labor Union also known as?
“Wobblies”
Who was the leader of the Radical Labor Union?
“Big Bull” Haywood
Who was Margaret Sagner?
Nurse and activist who introduced the term “birth control” and saw the issue in political terms
Sagner opened a birth control clinic in __________ in 1916; shutdown by the police and she was arrested
Brooklyn, NY
(Sagner and Eugenics)
The _____ side of the Birth control movement
Evil
What is the definition of Eugenics?
Believe in improving the genetics or the human race
(Sagner and Eugenics)
Sagner sought common cause with this group which also wanted ______
Birth control
Issue of Woman suffrage became more agent after 1915 when ___________ became president of the NAWSA
Carrie Chapman Catt
Who founded the more militant National Woman’s party?
Alice Paul
Reform Darwinism
Sociological theory in 1880s that argued humans can speed up evolution by altering their environment
The New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s 1912 campaign slogan which protected his commitment to federal planning and regulation
The New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson’s 1912 campaign slogan, which reflected his belief in limited government and states rights
Socialist Party
Political party formed in 1900 that advocated cooperation over competition and promoted the breakdown of capitalism
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905 that was dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism
Birth control movement
Movement launched in 1915 by Margaret Sagner in New York’s lower east side
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court ruling that upheld legality of racial segregation.
