Chapter 21 Flashcards
0
Q
From when to when did progressivism last?
A
It lasted from the mid-1890s to the end of WWI
1
Q
What is Progressivism?
A
A belief by mainly middle class Americans that the social, economic and political progress of the nation required the intervention by concerned citizens willing to initiate reforms at the local, state and national levels
2
Q
What was progressivism concerned with?
A
Fair business practice Public health Honesty in government Woman's suffrage Child labor
3
Q
What established in poor neighborhoods (beginning in 1880s)?
A
Settlement house movement (England)
4
Q
Who formed the backbone of the settlement house movement?
A
College educated Women like Jane Adams and Lillian Wald
5
Q
What was the social gospel?
A
Christian version of reforming individuals and society
6
Q
What was the social gospel a correction to?
A
Social Darwinism/gospel of faith
7
Q
In the social gospel, _______ is not a signal of divine favor
A
Wealth
8
Q
What were the temperance/prohibition?
A
Attacks on alcohol, hand in hand with social purity
9
Q
What element did the temperance/prohibition have?
A
Nativism
10
Q
Alcoholism was because of the _______ not hereditary and that is human hereditary
A
Environment
11
Q
(Progressives and the working class)
Labor _________ to settlement houses
A
Sympathetic
12
Q
(Progressives and the working class)
______ alliance
A
Cross-class
13
Q
(Progressives and the working class) In what organization did the working and middle class women unite? What were they under?
A
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
American Federation of labor (AFL)
14
Q
What year was the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
A
1911
15
Q
What did the tragedy at the triangle shirtwaist company result in?
A
It resulted in public outcry over safety codes
16
Q
How many women died at the tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
A
146
17
Q
What is the Triangle Shirtwaist company today?
A
The Brown Building (NYU science lab)
18
Q
Who founded Hull House in 1889?
A
Jane Addams
19
Q
Who was Roosevelt’s successor?
A
William Taft
20
Q
What paved the way for Wilson’s victory in 1912?
A
The split in the Republican Party
21
Q
What was Progressivism?
A
A reform movement that often advocated government activism to mitigate the problems created by urban industrialism.
22
Q
When did progressivism reach its peak?
A
In 1912 with the creation of the Progressive party.
23
Q
What has the term progressive come to mean?
A
Any general effort advocating for social welfare programs
24
What is a settlement house?
Settlement established in poor neighborhoods beginning in 1880s.
25
What did reformers like Jane Addams and Lillian Wald believe?
They believed that only by living among the poor could they help bridge the growing class divide.
26
_________ formed the backbone of the settlement house movement
College educated women
27
What is the social gospel?
A Vision of Christianity that saw its mission not simply to reform individuals but to reform society
28
When did the settlement house movement come from England to the United States?
In 1886 with the opening of the University Settlement house in New York City.
29
The settlement house movement gave college educated women a chance to _________
Put their talents to use
30
Settlements like Hull House grew from ___ in 1891 to ___ in 1911.
Six
| More than four hundred
31
In the process of settlements, what profession did women create?
Social work
32
What famous book did Charles M. Sheldon write?
In his steps (1898)
33
What did the popular book 'In His Steps' call men and women to do?
To Christianize capitalism by asking the question, "What would Jesus do"
34
What was the social purity movement?
The campaign to attack vice
35
To end the "social evil" as reformers delicately referred to prostituiom, the social purity movement brought together:
Ministers who wished to stamp out sin
Doctors concerned about the spread of venereal disease
Women reformers
36
Advanced progressives linked ______ to _____ and championed higher wages for women
Prostitution to poverty
37
When did the Anti-saloon league form?
1895
38
Who was the Anti-Saloon League led by?
Protestant clergy
39
The Anti Saloon league and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union campaigned to __________
End the sale of liquor
40
What's nativism?
Dislike of foreigners
41
What were the three main groups stigmatized by temperance reformers for their drinking?
Irish
Italians
Germans
42
By 1912, ____ states were "dry" meaning they had no alcohol
Seven
43
Who complained that her bookbinders met in a dirty, noisy saloon?
Mary Kenney O'Sullivan
44
When did the attempt to forge a cross-class alliance become institutionalized?
In 1903 with the creation of Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)
45
The WTUL brought together ______ and _______
Woman workers and middle class allies
46
What was the goal of the WTUL?
To organize working women into Unions under the auspices under the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
47
What was the WTUL's most noticeable success?
Came in 1909 in the "uprising of twenty thousand" when hundreds of women employees of the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York City went to strike to protest low wages, dangerous working conditions and management's refusal to recognize their union, the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union.
48
But for all its success, the uprising of the twenty thousand ________ fundamentally to change conditions for women workers as the tragic triangle fire dramatized in 1911
Failed
49
The owners of the triangle firm went to trial for negligence, but they avoided conviction when authorities determined that ___________ stated the fire.
A careless smoker
50
The Triangle Shirtwaist company reopened in another _______ within a matter of weeks
Firetrap
51
Who made a bitter speech at the memorial service for the dead Triangle workers?
Rose Schneiderman, a leading WTUL organizer
52
WTUL leaders determined that organizing and striking were no longer enough, particularly when the AFL ______ to women workers.
Paid so little attention
53
After the triangle fire the WTUL turned its efforts to ________- laws that would limit hours and regulate women's working conditions
Lobbying for protective registrations.
54
The National Consumer League (NCL) also fostered cross-class alliance and advocated for __________
Protective legislation
55
Who took over the leadership of the NCL in 1899?
Florence Kelley
56
What did Florence Kelley urge?
She urged middle class women to boycott stores and exert pressure for decent wages and working conditions for women employees
57
Why did advocated of protective legislation win a major victory in 1908?
The Supreme Court in Muller v. Oregon reversed its previous rulings and upheld an Oregon law that limited to ten the number of hours women could work a day
58
What did the Muller v. Oregon case limit the amount of hours women could work a day to?
Ten
59
A mass of sociological evidence put together by _________ of the NCL and _________ of the WTUL convinced the court that long house endangered women and therefore the entire human race.
Florence Kelley
| Josephine Goldmark
60
The WTUL greeted protective legislation the first step in the attempt to _______
Ensure the safety of all workers
61
Jane Addams insisted that in an urban industrial society that a good housekeeper could not be sure the food she fed her family was pure unless ________
She became involved in politics and wielded the ballot and not just the broom to protect her family
62
Who was the founder of the social gospel movement?
Washington Gladden
63
________ was a pioneer in the settlement house movement and founded Hull House in Chicago
Jane Addams
64
________ was the "mother of public health nursing", and she founded the Henry Street Settlement (NYC)
Lillian Wald
65
Who led the National Consumer League to protect women and children?
Florence Kelley
66
Progressivism was a "liberal movement":
1. Govt. should be more active
2. Social problems are impacted by govt. action and legislation
3. Money is needed to fix problems
4. Reliance upon scientific investigation and academic expertise
67
Who pioneered the study of time and motion?
Frederick Wilson Taylor
68
What did Frederick Wilson Taylor author?
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
69
What questioned survival of the fittest?
Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering
70
(Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering)
| Use ________ to reform environment
Intellect
71
(Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering)
| Who said "blind natural forces in society must give way to human foresight"
Frank Ward, Sociologist
72
What are "technocrats"?
Scientific bureaucrats who attempt to control social change
73
1900: _________ won elections in both local and state govt.
Progressivism
74
Who was the progressive crusader?
Tom Johnson
75
Who was Tom Johnson?
Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1899-1909
76
Mayor Tom Johnson wanted to lower prices of fares from ___-___
5-3 cents
77
Mayor Tom Johnson instituted a new tactic of _________
Municipal ownership
78
(Mayor Tom Johnson)
| "Gas and ______ socialism"
Water
79
How many times did Mayor Tom Johnson get reelected?
| Why did he eventually lose?
4 times
| Lost because of reformers like the street cars
80
What is a referendum?
The practice of submitting a measure passed or proposed by a legislature to the citizen for their approval or rejection
81
What is a recall?
The removal of a public official from office taken by a vote of the people after a petition drive has been certified
82
What is an initiative?
A procedure by which citizens propose an ordinance or an amendment and bring it to a popular vote for approval or rejection
83
Who was the governor of California; US senator?
Hiram Johnson
84
Hiram Johnson was one of the ________ of the progressive party
Founders
85
What date was president William McKinley killed?
September 6, 1901
86
Who was President William McKinley killed by?
Anarchist Leon Czolgosz
87
Where did the Pan-American exposition take place?
Buffalo, NY
88
What sickly disease did Theodore Roosevelt have as a child?
Asthma
89
What was Theodore Roosevelt?
Politician, author, naturalist, soldier, explorer and historian
90
Who was the youngest man to ever move into White House?
Theodore Roosevelt
91
At what age did Theodore Roosevelt move into the White House?
42
92
What number president was Theodore Roosevelt?
26th president
93
Theodore Roosevelt was ________ and leader progressives
republican
94
Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to:
Have full time secret service
95
Theodore Roosevelt strengthened _______ government
Federal
96
Was Theodore Roosevelt for Laissez-faire?
No, he was anti-laissez-faire
97
What were the 3 parts of Theodore Roosevelt's campaign slogan in 1904?
- Natural Resources
- Control of Big Business
- Consumer protection
98
(The Square Deal)
| Believed in the __________; this means the president was a "bully pulpit"
Stewardship theory
99
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
| What was the "Trust Buster"?
Northern securities South Carolina case (1904)
100
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
| What is trust?
Corporation gives shares of stock to trustees, coordinate industry
101
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
| How many times were there anti-trust?
43 times
102
(Theodore Roosevelt and Reforms)
| What is an arbitrator?
United Mine workers strike (1902)- "square deal"
103
In the arbitrator Roosevelt threatened ______ mine
Seize
104
1906; _________ are signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt
Meat inspection Act and Pure food and Drug act
105
What did the Meat inspection Act and Pure food and Drug act ban?
Ban mislabeled food products and eventually led to the FDA
106
Who was the spearhead of Progressivism?
The Muckrakers
107
What did Lincoln Steffens publish?
The Shame of the Cities (1904)
108
What did Ida Tarbell publish?
The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)
109
What did Upton Sinclair publish?
The Jungle (1906)
110
What time period did Muckraking take place?
Early-twentieth century
111
What is Muckraking?
Style of journalism that exposed corruption of big business and government
112
(Muckraking)
| Roosevelt coined after a ________ (pilgrims progress)
Character
113
(Roosevelt conservation)
From ___ acres of forest in government reserves
Roosevelt quadrupled this number to ___ acres
43 million
| 194 million
114
Roosevelt was the first president to:
Work and live in the west
115
(Roosevelt conservation)
| Conservation in the hands of experts _______ and _______
```
Gifford Pinchot (chief forester)
John Muir (Sierra club)
```
116
Who headed the national forest service?
Gifford Pinchot
117
John Muir was a conservationist who helped establish __________
He also founded and headed _________
Yosemite National Park
| The Sierra Club
118
(The Big Stick)
| Executive power to pursue a vigorous _______
Foreign policy
119
(The Big Stick)
| European relations: military strength and diplomacy ________
Reliance
120
(The Big Stick)
| Strong supporter of the ________
Monroe Doctrine
121
President Roosevelt extended American influence and supported the idea of the _________
"Civilized" nations
122
Wielded the "Big Stick" in the __________
Western Hemisphere
123
Theodore Roosevelt saw the need for __________
A canal under US control
124
Colombians refused Theodore Roosevelt's offer of _________
10 M w/250,000 yearly
125
US intervened in the ________ against Colombia (1903)
Panamanian revolt
126
The Panama Canal took ____ years
Ten (1904-1914)
127
How much did the Panama Canal cost to build?
$350 million
128
How many Americans lives were lost in building of the Panama Canal?
Over 5,500
129
(Panama Canal)
| Who was in charge of operations since Dec 31, 1999?
Panama Canal authority
130
What is The Monroe Doctrine?
European powers should stay out of the Western Hemisphere and the U.S. would stay out of European affairs
131
The ________ to the Monroe doctrine
Roosevelt Corollary
132
What is the Roosevelt Corollary?
In order to prevent such intervention, the US was justified in acting first
133
What did Roosevelt win in 1906?
Nobel Peace Prize
134
Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize after:
Helping Japan and Russia negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth
135
Japan had invaded Chinese Manchuria- Theodore Roosevelt concerned for _________
Balance of Power
136
1907: Roosevelt send the _________ on a world tour
Great White Fleet
| "Speak softly but carry a big stick"
137
Roosevelt does not seek a _______ term
Second
138
Who was Theodore Roosevelt's hand picked successor?
William Howard Taft
139
What did William Howard Taft serve as before president?
Governor of the Philippines and Roosevelt's secretary of war.
140
Who did William Howard Taft defeat in 1908?
W.J. Bryan
141
Did Taft continue Theodore Roosevelt's progressive policies?
No
142
(William H. Taft)
| Which tariff did Taft support because it benefited big business?
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
143
(William H. Taft)
Role in the ________ undid hydroelectric power supplie
Pinchot criticizes him therefore he was _______
Ballinger-Pinchot affair
| Fired
144
(William H. Taft)
| Supporting house speaker __________ agains the republican "insurgents"
Joseph Cannon
145
(Election of 1912)
| Theodore Roosevelt joins _________
Presidential race
146
(Election of 1912)
| Who did Theodore Roosevelt lose the Republican nomination to?
William H. Taft
147
When Roosevelt loses the republican election, he accepts the nomination of the new progressive party- aka _________
"Bull moose" party
148
(Election of 1912)
Progressive platform included tariff revision, regulation of corporations, increased protection for women and children, and an income tax -________
"New Nationalism"
149
(Election of 1912)
Who did the democrats choose?
He had a progressive reputation
Woodrow Wilson
150
Woodrow Wilson was the president of what university?
Princeton University
151
Woodrow Wilson was the governor of ________
New Jersey
152
Progressive platform- __________
"New freedom"
153
What does the progressive platform support?
Banking and currency reform
Lower tariffs
Conservation
Support for free enterprise while busting all monopolies
154
Name 5 accomplishments of President Wilson.
1. Passage of the Underwood Tariff
2. Creation of the Federal Trade Commission
3. Creation of the Federal Reserve System
4. Signed the Clayton Antitrust act into law
5. Oversaw the passage of amendments sixteen through nineteen
155
What did the Passage of Underwood Tariff accomplish?
It lowered tariffs
156
What was theFederal Trade Commission?
1914- regulatory agency prosecute for 'unfair trade'
157
What's the Federaal Reserve System?
12 regional banks= private but regulated and supervised
158
What did the Clayton Antitrust Act do?
Outlaw 'unfair trade'
159
Wilson disappointed progressive when he claimed that the movement had met all set goals by _____
He rejected further _______
1914
| Reform efforts
160
1916: Wilson won reelection in part because he returned to his _________
Progressive groups
161
Ideals of progressivism were challenged by competing groups such as _________
Socialist
162
What was the Radical Labor Union?
The international workers of the world
163
What was the Radical Labor Union also known as?
"Wobblies"
164
Who was the leader of the Radical Labor Union?
"Big Bull" Haywood
165
Who was Margaret Sagner?
Nurse and activist who introduced the term "birth control" and saw the issue in political terms
166
Sagner opened a birth control clinic in __________ in 1916; shutdown by the police and she was arrested
Brooklyn, NY
167
(Sagner and Eugenics)
| The _____ side of the Birth control movement
Evil
168
What is the definition of Eugenics?
Believe in improving the genetics or the human race
169
(Sagner and Eugenics)
| Sagner sought common cause with this group which also wanted ______
Birth control
170
Issue of Woman suffrage became more agent after 1915 when ___________ became president of the NAWSA
Carrie Chapman Catt
171
Who founded the more militant National Woman's party?
Alice Paul
172
Reform Darwinism
Sociological theory in 1880s that argued humans can speed up evolution by altering their environment
173
The New Nationalism
Roosevelt's 1912 campaign slogan which protected his commitment to federal planning and regulation
174
The New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's 1912 campaign slogan, which reflected his belief in limited government and states rights
175
Socialist Party
Political party formed in 1900 that advocated cooperation over competition and promoted the breakdown of capitalism
176
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905 that was dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism
177
Birth control movement
Movement launched in 1915 by Margaret Sagner in New York's lower east side
178
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court ruling that upheld legality of racial segregation.
