Chapter 21 Flashcards
From when to when did progressivism last?
It lasted from the mid-1890s to the end of WWI
What is Progressivism?
A belief by mainly middle class Americans that the social, economic and political progress of the nation required the intervention by concerned citizens willing to initiate reforms at the local, state and national levels
What was progressivism concerned with?
Fair business practice Public health Honesty in government Woman's suffrage Child labor
What established in poor neighborhoods (beginning in 1880s)?
Settlement house movement (England)
Who formed the backbone of the settlement house movement?
College educated Women like Jane Adams and Lillian Wald
What was the social gospel?
Christian version of reforming individuals and society
What was the social gospel a correction to?
Social Darwinism/gospel of faith
In the social gospel, _______ is not a signal of divine favor
Wealth
What were the temperance/prohibition?
Attacks on alcohol, hand in hand with social purity
What element did the temperance/prohibition have?
Nativism
Alcoholism was because of the _______ not hereditary and that is human hereditary
Environment
(Progressives and the working class)
Labor _________ to settlement houses
Sympathetic
(Progressives and the working class)
______ alliance
Cross-class
(Progressives and the working class) In what organization did the working and middle class women unite? What were they under?
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
American Federation of labor (AFL)
What year was the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
1911
What did the tragedy at the triangle shirtwaist company result in?
It resulted in public outcry over safety codes
How many women died at the tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
146
What is the Triangle Shirtwaist company today?
The Brown Building (NYU science lab)
Who founded Hull House in 1889?
Jane Addams
Who was Roosevelt’s successor?
William Taft
What paved the way for Wilson’s victory in 1912?
The split in the Republican Party
What was Progressivism?
A reform movement that often advocated government activism to mitigate the problems created by urban industrialism.
When did progressivism reach its peak?
In 1912 with the creation of the Progressive party.
What has the term progressive come to mean?
Any general effort advocating for social welfare programs
What is a settlement house?
Settlement established in poor neighborhoods beginning in 1880s.
What did reformers like Jane Addams and Lillian Wald believe?
They believed that only by living among the poor could they help bridge the growing class divide.
_________ formed the backbone of the settlement house movement
College educated women
What is the social gospel?
A Vision of Christianity that saw its mission not simply to reform individuals but to reform society
When did the settlement house movement come from England to the United States?
In 1886 with the opening of the University Settlement house in New York City.
The settlement house movement gave college educated women a chance to _________
Put their talents to use
Settlements like Hull House grew from ___ in 1891 to ___ in 1911.
Six
More than four hundred
In the process of settlements, what profession did women create?
Social work
What famous book did Charles M. Sheldon write?
In his steps (1898)
What did the popular book ‘In His Steps’ call men and women to do?
To Christianize capitalism by asking the question, “What would Jesus do”
What was the social purity movement?
The campaign to attack vice
To end the “social evil” as reformers delicately referred to prostituiom, the social purity movement brought together:
Ministers who wished to stamp out sin
Doctors concerned about the spread of venereal disease
Women reformers
Advanced progressives linked ______ to _____ and championed higher wages for women
Prostitution to poverty
When did the Anti-saloon league form?
1895
Who was the Anti-Saloon League led by?
Protestant clergy
The Anti Saloon league and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union campaigned to __________
End the sale of liquor
What’s nativism?
Dislike of foreigners
What were the three main groups stigmatized by temperance reformers for their drinking?
Irish
Italians
Germans
By 1912, ____ states were “dry” meaning they had no alcohol
Seven
Who complained that her bookbinders met in a dirty, noisy saloon?
Mary Kenney O’Sullivan
When did the attempt to forge a cross-class alliance become institutionalized?
In 1903 with the creation of Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
The WTUL brought together ______ and _______
Woman workers and middle class allies
What was the goal of the WTUL?
To organize working women into Unions under the auspices under the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
What was the WTUL’s most noticeable success?
Came in 1909 in the “uprising of twenty thousand” when hundreds of women employees of the Triangle Shirtwaist company in New York City went to strike to protest low wages, dangerous working conditions and management’s refusal to recognize their union, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union.
But for all its success, the uprising of the twenty thousand ________ fundamentally to change conditions for women workers as the tragic triangle fire dramatized in 1911
Failed
The owners of the triangle firm went to trial for negligence, but they avoided conviction when authorities determined that ___________ stated the fire.
A careless smoker
The Triangle Shirtwaist company reopened in another _______ within a matter of weeks
Firetrap
Who made a bitter speech at the memorial service for the dead Triangle workers?
Rose Schneiderman, a leading WTUL organizer
WTUL leaders determined that organizing and striking were no longer enough, particularly when the AFL ______ to women workers.
Paid so little attention
After the triangle fire the WTUL turned its efforts to ________- laws that would limit hours and regulate women’s working conditions
Lobbying for protective registrations.
The National Consumer League (NCL) also fostered cross-class alliance and advocated for __________
Protective legislation
Who took over the leadership of the NCL in 1899?
Florence Kelley
What did Florence Kelley urge?
She urged middle class women to boycott stores and exert pressure for decent wages and working conditions for women employees
Why did advocated of protective legislation win a major victory in 1908?
The Supreme Court in Muller v. Oregon reversed its previous rulings and upheld an Oregon law that limited to ten the number of hours women could work a day
What did the Muller v. Oregon case limit the amount of hours women could work a day to?
Ten
A mass of sociological evidence put together by _________ of the NCL and _________ of the WTUL convinced the court that long house endangered women and therefore the entire human race.
Florence Kelley
Josephine Goldmark
The WTUL greeted protective legislation the first step in the attempt to _______
Ensure the safety of all workers
Jane Addams insisted that in an urban industrial society that a good housekeeper could not be sure the food she fed her family was pure unless ________
She became involved in politics and wielded the ballot and not just the broom to protect her family
Who was the founder of the social gospel movement?
Washington Gladden
________ was a pioneer in the settlement house movement and founded Hull House in Chicago
Jane Addams
________ was the “mother of public health nursing”, and she founded the Henry Street Settlement (NYC)
Lillian Wald
Who led the National Consumer League to protect women and children?
Florence Kelley
Progressivism was a “liberal movement”:
- Govt. should be more active
- Social problems are impacted by govt. action and legislation
- Money is needed to fix problems
- Reliance upon scientific investigation and academic expertise
Who pioneered the study of time and motion?
Frederick Wilson Taylor
What did Frederick Wilson Taylor author?
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
What questioned survival of the fittest?
Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering
(Reform Darwinism and Social Engineering)
Use ________ to reform environment
Intellect
