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History > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

0
Q

BY 1900, urban population reaches _____

A

30 million

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1
Q

Demographic changes- post-Civil War industrialization fuels move to the cities by the three groups:

A

rural residents, African Americans, and immigrants

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2
Q

BY 1900, rural population reaches ______

A

46 million

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3
Q

Which three cities topped one million in population by 1900?

A

Chicago
Philadelphia
NYC

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4
Q

Brooklyn Bridge symbolized-

When did it open?

A

the industrial and urban potential of America

1883

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5
Q

“Old” immigrants-

A

those that arrived prior to 1880

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6
Q

What was the percentage of “Old” immigrants?

A

85% of the total

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7
Q

“New” immigrants-

A

those that arrived after 1880

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8
Q

What was the percentage of “New” immigrants

A

80% of the total

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9
Q

What were three “Pushing” factors?

A
  • Population pressures
    -Economic conditions, especially after 1880
  • Religious and political persecution, e.g. pogroms in Russia
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10
Q

What were three “Pulling” factors?

A

-Recruitment campaigns by American Companies
-Need for labor
-Educational opportunities

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11
Q

By 1920, nearly _____ immigrants had arrived,

mostly in ______ class

A

30 million

“steerage”

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12
Q

What was New York City known as?

A

“Golden door”

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13
Q

1900; approx. ____ of immigrants lived in cities

A

2/3

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14
Q

Approx. ____ of immigrants who lived in cities were single young men,

assimilation was increasingly difficult

A

75%

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15
Q

Ellis island- ________ center

A

processing

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16
Q

Over ______ immigrants passed through Ellis Island

A

12 million

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17
Q

What was the processing center for Asians?

A

Angle island (San Francisco)

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18
Q

By 1910, over ______ Chinese and ______ Japanese had emigrated to the U.S.

A

300,000

150,000

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19
Q

What year was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

A

1882

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20
Q

As big business grew, fear arose that power would be based on _______

A

wealth (plutocracy)

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21
Q

How long was a typical work week in the city?

A

60-70 hours

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22
Q

How much were typical wages in the city?

A

$1.50-$3.00 a day

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23
Q

Labor movement grew out of a concern for _______, ______ and _______

A

wages, hours, and working conditions

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24
Q

What was the average yearly pay for a white laborer?

A

$500 dollars

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25
Q

1900; approx. ____ children in the work force

A

1.7 million

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26
Q

1900; over _____ women earned wages

A

4 million

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27
Q

_________ jobs became available, especially to high school grads.

A

“White collar”

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28
Q

________ enhanced businesses

A

Marketing (nationwide advertising)

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29
Q

______, ______, ______, _____ grew

A

Chain stores, mail order houses, ads and brand names

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30
Q

What was a Sweatshop?

A

Small room used for clothing piecework

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31
Q

19th century Mechanization lead to _______ being replaced by sweatshop workers

A

Tailors

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32
Q

Sweatshop workers sewed pieces into _______

A

Clothing

33
Q

Who led the Knights of labor?

A

Terence V. Powderly

34
Q

The Knights of labor attempted to:

A

create one giant national union of craft and industrial workers opposes strikes but supported negotiations

35
Q

What was the height of membership?

A

700,000 (included blacks and women); declined after 1886

36
Q

Who led the American Federation of Labor?

A

Samuel Gompers

37
Q

What was the goal of the American Federation of Labor?

A

To create a federation of craft unions

38
Q

American federation of labor:
Use of __________ to achieve desired outcomes
Example: the 8 hour workday

A

Collective bargaining

39
Q

(Knights of labor)

The ________ organization of working class

A

1st mass

40
Q

(Knights of labor)

When were they founded?

A

1869

41
Q

(Knights of labor)

Universal brotherhood of all ________

A

Workers

42
Q

(Knights of labor)

Secret society turned public after _______

A

Campaign

43
Q

Strikes were used as a weapon of last resort to bring ________

A

Pressure

44
Q

The Great Railroad strike of 1877 began with which railroads?

A

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

Then spread throughout the country

45
Q

What militia was fired upon?

A

Pennsylvania militia

46
Q

How many people died because they were a part of the militia? And where?

A

20 people were killed in Pittsburgh

47
Q

Economic depression following __________

A

Panic of 1873

48
Q

How many people were out of work because of the economic depression?

A

3 million

And others received lower wages

49
Q

Economic depression caused ____ of wage cure with same percent dividend for stockholders

A

10%

50
Q

The economic depression turned _______

A

Violent

51
Q

________ sent federal troops.

A

President Hayes

52
Q

Strike a failure, yet ________ surges

A

Union membership

53
Q

What riot was In 1886?

A

Hay market square (Chicago) riot

54
Q

Domestic leisure:

A

Card, parlor, yard games

55
Q

Sentimental ballad:

A

Ragtime popular

56
Q

What were three entertainments outside of home?

A

Circus immensely popular
Baseball
Football

57
Q

_______ and _______ make evening a time of entertainment and pleasure

A

Street lights and streetcars

58
Q

“New women” had _________ careers

A

Self supporting

59
Q

What did “New women” demand an end to?

A

Gender discrimination

60
Q

What concept did “New women” oppose and resent?

A

The concept of “separate sphere” and “ cult of domesticity”

61
Q

What permits the construction of skyscrapers?

A

Steel

62
Q

What allowed growth of suburbs?

A

Street cars

63
Q

What was the design principle?

A

“Form follows function”

64
Q

Tenements house working class, what were some problems?

A

Overcrowding
Inadequate sanitation
Poor ventilation
Polluted water

65
Q

What were some urban problems?

A

Poor public health

Juvenile crime

66
Q

Urban party machines headed by _______

A

“Bosses”

67
Q

Some bosses were notoriously corrupt.

Example:

A

William Tweed of New York City

68
Q

Most bosses trade _______ for _______

A

Services for votes

69
Q

Why did bosses stay in power?

A

Good organizational skills

Helped immigrants

70
Q

Most bosses _______ conditions in cities

A

Improve

71
Q

Who was Thomas Nast?

A

American political cartoonist?

72
Q

Global migration

A

Movements of population across large distances such as oceans and continents

73
Q

Ellis Island

A

Immigration facility opened in 1892 in New York harbor that processed new immigrants coming into New York City

74
Q

Family economy

A

Economic contributions of multiple members of a household that were necessary to the survival of the family

75
Q

“Typewriters”

A

Women who were hired by businesses in the decades after the civil war to keep records and conduct correspondence, often using equipments such as typewriters

76
Q

Great Railroad Strike

A

Nationwide strikes that began in 1877 with West Virginia Railroad brakemen who protested against sharp wage reductions and quickly spread to include roughly 600,000 workers

77
Q

Haymarket bombing

A

May 4, 1886, conflict in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration in Chicago

78
Q

Cult of domesticity

A

19th century belief that women’s place was in the home, where they should create havens for their families

79
Q

Bossism

A

Pattern of urban political organization that arose in the late 19th century in which an often corrupt “boss” maintains an inordinate level of power through command of a political machine that distributes services to its constituents

80
Q

World’s Columbian Exposition

A

World’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 that attracted millions of visitors

History (13 decks)

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