Chapter 19 Flashcards by Alejandro Chalela

BY 1900, urban population reaches _____

30 million

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Demographic changes- post-Civil War industrialization fuels move to the cities by the three groups:

rural residents, African Americans, and immigrants

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BY 1900, rural population reaches ______

46 million

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Which three cities topped one million in population by 1900?

Chicago
Philadelphia
NYC

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Brooklyn Bridge symbolized-

When did it open?

the industrial and urban potential of America

1883

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“Old” immigrants-

those that arrived prior to 1880

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What was the percentage of “Old” immigrants?

85% of the total

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“New” immigrants-

those that arrived after 1880

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What was the percentage of “New” immigrants

80% of the total

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What were three “Pushing” factors?

Population pressures
-Economic conditions, especially after 1880
Religious and political persecution, e.g. pogroms in Russia

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What were three “Pulling” factors?

-Recruitment campaigns by American Companies
-Need for labor
-Educational opportunities

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By 1920, nearly _____ immigrants had arrived,

mostly in ______ class

30 million

“steerage”

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What was New York City known as?

“Golden door”

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1900; approx. ____ of immigrants lived in cities

2/3

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Approx. ____ of immigrants who lived in cities were single young men,

assimilation was increasingly difficult

75%

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Ellis island- ________ center

processing

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Over ______ immigrants passed through Ellis Island

12 million

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What was the processing center for Asians?

Angle island (San Francisco)

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By 1910, over ______ Chinese and ______ Japanese had emigrated to the U.S.

300,000

150,000

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What year was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

1882

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As big business grew, fear arose that power would be based on _______

wealth (plutocracy)

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How long was a typical work week in the city?

60-70 hours

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How much were typical wages in the city?

$1.50-$3.00 a day

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Labor movement grew out of a concern for _______, ______ and _______

wages, hours, and working conditions

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What was the average yearly pay for a white laborer?

$500 dollars

1900; approx. ____ children in the work force

1.7 million

1900; over _____ women earned wages

4 million

_________ jobs became available, especially to high school grads.

"White collar"

________ enhanced businesses

Marketing (nationwide advertising)

______, ______, ______, _____ grew

Chain stores, mail order houses, ads and brand names

What was a Sweatshop?

Small room used for clothing piecework

19th century Mechanization lead to _______ being replaced by sweatshop workers

Tailors

Sweatshop workers sewed pieces into _______

Clothing

Who led the Knights of labor?

Terence V. Powderly

The Knights of labor attempted to:

create one giant national union of craft and industrial workers opposes strikes but supported negotiations

What was the height of membership?

700,000 (included blacks and women); declined after 1886

Who led the American Federation of Labor?

Samuel Gompers

What was the goal of the American Federation of Labor?

To create a federation of craft unions

American federation of labor: Use of __________ to achieve desired outcomes Example: the 8 hour workday

Collective bargaining

(Knights of labor) | The ________ organization of working class

1st mass

(Knights of labor) | When were they founded?

1869

(Knights of labor) | Universal brotherhood of all ________

Workers

(Knights of labor) | Secret society turned public after _______

Campaign

Strikes were used as a weapon of last resort to bring ________

Pressure

The Great Railroad strike of 1877 began with which railroads?

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Then spread throughout the country

What militia was fired upon?

Pennsylvania militia

How many people died because they were a part of the militia? And where?

20 people were killed in Pittsburgh

Economic depression following __________

Panic of 1873

How many people were out of work because of the economic depression?

3 million | And others received lower wages

Economic depression caused ____ of wage cure with same percent dividend for stockholders

10%

The economic depression turned _______

Violent

________ sent federal troops.

President Hayes

Strike a failure, yet ________ surges

Union membership

What riot was In 1886?

Hay market square (Chicago) riot

Domestic leisure:

Card, parlor, yard games

Sentimental ballad:

Ragtime popular

What were three entertainments outside of home?

Circus immensely popular Baseball Football

_______ and _______ make evening a time of entertainment and pleasure

Street lights and streetcars

"New women" had _________ careers

Self supporting

What did "New women" demand an end to?

Gender discrimination

What concept did "New women" oppose and resent?

The concept of "separate sphere" and " cult of domesticity"

What permits the construction of skyscrapers?

Steel

What allowed growth of suburbs?

Street cars

What was the design principle?

"Form follows function"

Tenements house working class, what were some problems?

Overcrowding Inadequate sanitation Poor ventilation Polluted water

What were some urban problems?

Poor public health | Juvenile crime

Urban party machines headed by _______

"Bosses"

Some bosses were notoriously corrupt. | Example:

William Tweed of New York City

Most bosses trade _______ for _______

Services for votes

Why did bosses stay in power?

Good organizational skills | Helped immigrants

Most bosses _______ conditions in cities

Improve

Who was Thomas Nast?

American political cartoonist?

Global migration

Movements of population across large distances such as oceans and continents

Ellis Island

Immigration facility opened in 1892 in New York harbor that processed new immigrants coming into New York City

Family economy

Economic contributions of multiple members of a household that were necessary to the survival of the family

"Typewriters"

Women who were hired by businesses in the decades after the civil war to keep records and conduct correspondence, often using equipments such as typewriters

Great Railroad Strike

Nationwide strikes that began in 1877 with West Virginia Railroad brakemen who protested against sharp wage reductions and quickly spread to include roughly 600,000 workers

Haymarket bombing

May 4, 1886, conflict in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration in Chicago

Cult of domesticity

19th century belief that women's place was in the home, where they should create havens for their families

Bossism

Pattern of urban political organization that arose in the late 19th century in which an often corrupt "boss" maintains an inordinate level of power through command of a political machine that distributes services to its constituents

World's Columbian Exposition

World's fair held in Chicago in 1893 that attracted millions of visitors