Chapter 19 Flashcards
BY 1900, urban population reaches _____
30 million
Demographic changes- post-Civil War industrialization fuels move to the cities by the three groups:
rural residents, African Americans, and immigrants
BY 1900, rural population reaches ______
46 million
Which three cities topped one million in population by 1900?
Chicago
Philadelphia
NYC
Brooklyn Bridge symbolized-
When did it open?
the industrial and urban potential of America
1883
“Old” immigrants-
those that arrived prior to 1880
What was the percentage of “Old” immigrants?
85% of the total
“New” immigrants-
those that arrived after 1880
What was the percentage of “New” immigrants
80% of the total
What were three “Pushing” factors?
- Population pressures
-Economic conditions, especially after 1880 - Religious and political persecution, e.g. pogroms in Russia
What were three “Pulling” factors?
-Recruitment campaigns by American Companies
-Need for labor
-Educational opportunities
By 1920, nearly _____ immigrants had arrived,
mostly in ______ class
30 million
“steerage”
What was New York City known as?
“Golden door”
1900; approx. ____ of immigrants lived in cities
2/3
Approx. ____ of immigrants who lived in cities were single young men,
assimilation was increasingly difficult
75%
Ellis island- ________ center
processing
Over ______ immigrants passed through Ellis Island
12 million
What was the processing center for Asians?
Angle island (San Francisco)
By 1910, over ______ Chinese and ______ Japanese had emigrated to the U.S.
300,000
150,000
What year was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
1882
As big business grew, fear arose that power would be based on _______
wealth (plutocracy)
How long was a typical work week in the city?
60-70 hours
How much were typical wages in the city?
$1.50-$3.00 a day
Labor movement grew out of a concern for _______, ______ and _______
wages, hours, and working conditions
What was the average yearly pay for a white laborer?
$500 dollars
1900; approx. ____ children in the work force
1.7 million
1900; over _____ women earned wages
4 million
_________ jobs became available, especially to high school grads.
“White collar”
________ enhanced businesses
Marketing (nationwide advertising)
______, ______, ______, _____ grew
Chain stores, mail order houses, ads and brand names
What was a Sweatshop?
Small room used for clothing piecework
19th century Mechanization lead to _______ being replaced by sweatshop workers
Tailors
Sweatshop workers sewed pieces into _______
Clothing
Who led the Knights of labor?
Terence V. Powderly
The Knights of labor attempted to:
create one giant national union of craft and industrial workers opposes strikes but supported negotiations
What was the height of membership?
700,000 (included blacks and women); declined after 1886
Who led the American Federation of Labor?
Samuel Gompers
What was the goal of the American Federation of Labor?
To create a federation of craft unions
American federation of labor:
Use of __________ to achieve desired outcomes
Example: the 8 hour workday
Collective bargaining
(Knights of labor)
The ________ organization of working class
1st mass
(Knights of labor)
When were they founded?
1869
(Knights of labor)
Universal brotherhood of all ________
Workers
(Knights of labor)
Secret society turned public after _______
Campaign
Strikes were used as a weapon of last resort to bring ________
Pressure
The Great Railroad strike of 1877 began with which railroads?
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Then spread throughout the country
What militia was fired upon?
Pennsylvania militia
How many people died because they were a part of the militia? And where?
20 people were killed in Pittsburgh
Economic depression following __________
Panic of 1873
How many people were out of work because of the economic depression?
3 million
And others received lower wages
Economic depression caused ____ of wage cure with same percent dividend for stockholders
10%
The economic depression turned _______
Violent
________ sent federal troops.
President Hayes
Strike a failure, yet ________ surges
Union membership
What riot was In 1886?
Hay market square (Chicago) riot
Domestic leisure:
Card, parlor, yard games
Sentimental ballad:
Ragtime popular
What were three entertainments outside of home?
Circus immensely popular
Baseball
Football
_______ and _______ make evening a time of entertainment and pleasure
Street lights and streetcars
“New women” had _________ careers
Self supporting
What did “New women” demand an end to?
Gender discrimination
What concept did “New women” oppose and resent?
The concept of “separate sphere” and “ cult of domesticity”
What permits the construction of skyscrapers?
Steel
What allowed growth of suburbs?
Street cars
What was the design principle?
“Form follows function”
Tenements house working class, what were some problems?
Overcrowding
Inadequate sanitation
Poor ventilation
Polluted water
What were some urban problems?
Poor public health
Juvenile crime
Urban party machines headed by _______
“Bosses”
Some bosses were notoriously corrupt.
Example:
William Tweed of New York City
Most bosses trade _______ for _______
Services for votes
Why did bosses stay in power?
Good organizational skills
Helped immigrants
Most bosses _______ conditions in cities
Improve
Who was Thomas Nast?
American political cartoonist?
Global migration
Movements of population across large distances such as oceans and continents
Ellis Island
Immigration facility opened in 1892 in New York harbor that processed new immigrants coming into New York City
Family economy
Economic contributions of multiple members of a household that were necessary to the survival of the family
“Typewriters”
Women who were hired by businesses in the decades after the civil war to keep records and conduct correspondence, often using equipments such as typewriters
Great Railroad Strike
Nationwide strikes that began in 1877 with West Virginia Railroad brakemen who protested against sharp wage reductions and quickly spread to include roughly 600,000 workers
Haymarket bombing
May 4, 1886, conflict in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration in Chicago
Cult of domesticity
19th century belief that women’s place was in the home, where they should create havens for their families
Bossism
Pattern of urban political organization that arose in the late 19th century in which an often corrupt “boss” maintains an inordinate level of power through command of a political machine that distributes services to its constituents
World’s Columbian Exposition
World’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 that attracted millions of visitors
