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History > Ch18 and a bit of ch17 > Flashcards

Ch18 and a bit of ch17 Flashcards

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0
Q

Manufacture of capital goods fueled the income growth; _________ was the critical element

A

Steel production

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1
Q

American economy experienced unprecedented growth and per capital income rose nearly ___ between 1877 and 1900

A

50%

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2
Q

Between 1865 and 1900, RR tracks increased from _______ miles to approx. __________ miles

A

35,000

193,000

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3
Q

RR’s helped immensely by ______ and __________,

example; through land grants and money

A

States

The US government

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4
Q

Gilded age

A

A period of enormous economic growth and ostentatious displays of wealth during the last quarter of the 19th century

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5
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt known as the _________, owned as the New York central RR

A

“Commodore”

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6
Q

Who controlled Eerie Railroad and Western Union Telegraph company

A

Jay Goald

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7
Q

George Westinghouse created the _________

A

Air Brake

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8
Q

When is the Transcontinental railroad line finished and where

A

1869

At Prom on-by Point, Utah

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9
Q

What were 2 key developments of steel production

A

1) Bessemer converter (mass produce steel)-made by Henry B.

2) Turbine engine

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10
Q

Who dominated the steel industry

A

Andrew Carnegie

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11
Q

US steel was created from the company of ________

A

Andrew Carnegie

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12
Q

Andrew Carnegie donated over ____

A

$350 million

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13
Q

Who dominated the oil industry, especially refinement

And he founded standard oil

A

John D. Rockefeller

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14
Q

John D. Rockefeller donated over _____

A

$520 million

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15
Q

Industrialists created ________ that eliminated competition

A

Monopolies

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16
Q

Use of ________,_______, and ________ companies also provided advantages for the industrialists

A

Rebates, trust and holding

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17
Q

Trust

A

A system in which the corporation gives shares of their stock to trustees who hold the stock ‘in trust’ for their stockholders

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18
Q

Rebates

A

A deduction from an amount to be paid or a return of part of an amount given in payment

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19
Q

Holding company

A

Company or firm that owns other companies outstanding stock

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20
Q

Who invented the lightbulb

A

Thomas Edison

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21
Q

What did Alexander Graham Bell invent?

A

“Centennial transmitter”

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22
Q

In 1900: _____ becomes the dominant communications carrier in the US

A

AT&T

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23
Q

JP Morgan was a:

A

Wall Street investment banker

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24
Q

How did JP Morgan restore order to the RR industry?

A

By consolidating them into 6 regional systems

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25
Q

JP Morgan hated wasteful competition and pioneered business ________

A

Mergers

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26
Q

In 1901; JP Morgan purchased __________

For approx: _____

A

Carnegie Steel

$500 M

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27
Q

After JP Morgan purchased the company he created _______; the first billion dollar corporation

A

U.S. Steel

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28
Q

“Social Darwinism”

A

Applied the theories of species evolution and “fitness” to business and society
Justified economic inequality as a positive good

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29
Q

What were some disciples of “Social Darwinism”

A

Herbert Spencer in Britain and William Graham Summer in the U.S.

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30
Q

“Gospel of wealth”

A

Wealthy have an obligation to better society

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31
Q

Climate of tolerance- growth of Big business aided by the following factors:

A
  1. Govt.’s Policy of laissez faire

2. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the fourteenth amendment, corporations=persons

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32
Q

Political campaigns during the Gilded age drew __________

A

Record turnouts

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33
Q

Why did political campaigns draw a record turnout?

A

Patronage (spoils system very influential); ethnic and religious loyalties

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34
Q

“Waving the bloody shirt”

A

1892 campaign cartoon showing Uncle Sam denying entry to the White House to the democratic candidates in favor of the republican candidates

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35
Q

Although the _______ still voted democrat, at the state and local levels political loyalties shifted and new groups emerged
Ex: “Readjusters”

A

“Solid South”

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36
Q

“New south”

A

Post-reconstruction south became more diversified economically, although agriculture was still dominant

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37
Q

In national politics, _______ replaced class as the dominant issue for determining citizenship

A

Gender

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38
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

System of racial segregation

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39
Q

Jim Crow laws segregated African Americans from _________

A

Public facilities

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40
Q

Jim Crow laws

_______ voting rights and _______ other basic civil rights

A

Curtailed and denied

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41
Q

(Readjusters)

Coalition of African Americans and whites determined to lower the state debt and more money on _________

A

education

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42
Q

(Readjusters)

Universal political rights for all ________ but continued segregation in private

A

males

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43
Q

Democrats fight back-

A

Issue w/racial mixing- protect womanhood

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44
Q

(Threatening of white southern womanhood)

Reached apex with ________

A

Lynching

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45
Q

(Threatening of white southern womanhood)

Between 1880 and 1930, over _______ black Americans were lynched along with approx. ______ whites

A

3,200

700

46
Q

(Anti-Lynching movement)
Fear of ___________ by southern whites influenced voting habits and restored white supremacy while maintains “Jim Crow” laws

A

Miscegenation

47
Q

(Anti-Lynching movement)

Who launched the personal crusade to expose the barbarism of lynching- issue of gender and race- also economic component

A

Ida B. Wells

48
Q

(Anti-Lynching movement)

What was the Ida B. Wells crusade called

A

Crusade for Justice

49
Q

Who formed the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)- 1st women’s right association

A

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

50
Q

Women’s ______ proliferated following the civil war

A

Clubs

51
Q

Temperance movement- supported by many women’s groups (bibles and signing hymns- marched on taverns and saloons) aka woman’s crusade-

A

Woman’s Christian temperance Union (WCTU)

52
Q

Suffrage movement gained momentum in the late _______

A

19th century

53
Q

1869: __________ founded

A

National woman’s suffrage association

54
Q

Post-civil war Democratic Party divides electorate almost evenly with _________

A

republicans

55
Q

Democrats emphasize ________ and limited government

A

State’s rights

56
Q

Republicans see government as agent to promote moral progress and material wealth; party divided into several factions:

A

Stalwarts, Half-breeds and Mugwumps

57
Q

Through which presidents did the Gilded age last?

A

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)- William McKinley (1897-1901)

Less well known presidents

58
Q

What are three reasons why there were less well known presidents in the Gilded age?

A
  • Laissez-faire policies
  • social Darwinism
  • Yet, it was a period with many struggles for the executive branch (party politics, corruption social issues)
59
Q

Where did Laissez-faire originate

A

Scotland

60
Q

When was Adam smith born and when did he die?

A

1723-1790

61
Q

Adam smith was a

A

Scottish economist and moral philosopher

62
Q

What did Adam Smith write

A

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the wealth of Nations- AKA Wealth of Nations (1776)

63
Q

(Corruption and party strife)

Recall issues with Grant- these types of issues continue. Why?

A

1) spoils system

2) business influence on government

64
Q

(Corruption and party strife)

Party bosses controlled the _________ process

A

Nomination

65
Q

(Corruption and party strife)

Business interests tried to influence state legislatures through:

A

Contributions: indirect control of US senators resulted

66
Q

(Corruption and party strife)

Who controlled the Republican Party

A

Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York

67
Q

What were the three party factions during Hayes’ presidency

A

Stalwarts
Half-breeds
Mugwumps

68
Q

(Stalwart)

Supporters of the _________ system

A

Patronage

69
Q

(Stalwart)

Republican senator _________ and his supporters

A

Roscoe Conkling

70
Q

(Half Breeds)

Supporters of ___________

A

Senator James G. Blaine

71
Q

(Half Breeds)

Rivals of _________

A

Senator Conkling

72
Q

(Half Breeds)

Less _______ but still accusations

A

Corrupt

73
Q

(Mugwumps)

Reformers from ________

A

NY and Massachusetts

74
Q

(Mugwumps)

Deplored _________ and advocated civil service reform

A

Spoils system

75
Q

(Presidential election of 1880)

Decorated __________

A

Civil war veteran

76
Q

(Presidential election of 1880)

Sought consensus within the __________; desires to lower tariff rates and extend American influence in _________

A

Republican Party

Latin America

77
Q

July 2, 1881; ________ is shot In the back by disgruntled office seeker _________
Dies in September

A

Garfield

Charles Guiteau

78
Q

When Garfield dies, who becomes president?

A

VP Chester Arthur (Stalwart)

79
Q

Arthur Oversees in the US Navy’s Modernization program; signs the __________-sweeping civil service reform

A

Pendleton Act (1883)

80
Q

James Garfield was killed less than _______ into term

A

4 months

81
Q

_________ was insane

A

Charles Guiteau

82
Q

Charles Guiteau claimed he was a ________

A

Stalwart

83
Q

What did the assassination of Garfield lead to

A

Pendleton Act

84
Q

(Pendleton Civil Service act)

Was created in the ____

A

1880s

85
Q

(Pendleton Civil Service act)

Created _______

A

Civil service commission

86
Q

(Pendleton Civil Service act)

Award government position based on ________

A

Merit

87
Q

(Pendleton Civil Service act)

Not allowed to contribute to ____________

A

Political campaigns

88
Q

(Pendleton Civil Service act)

Difficult remove for ________

A

Politics

89
Q

(Presidential election of 1884)

First democrat since __________

A

Buchanan (1861)

90
Q

(Presidential election of 1884)

Committed to less government and lowering the ________

A

Tariff

91
Q

(Presidential election of 1884)

Vetoed more ________ than all previous presidents combined

A

Legislation

92
Q

(Presidential election of 1884)

“_____________”

A

“A public office is a public trust”

93
Q

(Presidential election of 1884)

_________- tended vote republican change support to Cleveland (Dem.)

A

Mugwumps

94
Q

(Campaign of 1884)

Issue of ___________

A

Morality of the candidate

95
Q

(Campaign of 1884)

Blain seemed profited for support of ________

A

Railroads

96
Q

(Interstate commerce act)

What year was this act made

A

1887

97
Q

(Interstate commerce act)

Began federal regulations of _________

A

Railroads

98
Q

(Interstate commerce act)

Created ___________

A

Interstate commerce commission (ICC)

99
Q

(Grandson of William Henry Harrison)

Despite fewer popular votes, won the election: _________ won both houses of congress

A

Republican

100
Q

(Grandson of William Henry Harrison)

Signed important pieces of legislation- ____________, _________ and __________ all in 1890

A

McKinley Tariff act, Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Sherman Silver Purchase act

101
Q

(Presidential election of 1888-back to the issue)
Republicans advocated high protective _______
Also promised generous pensions to union ______ of the American civil war (army of the republic)

A

Tariff

Veterans

102
Q

(Presidential election of 1888-Back to the issues)

Democrats advocated ___________

A

Lower tariffs

103
Q

States took the lead in establishing commissions to regulate big business, paving the ways for __________

A

federal initiatives

104
Q

Supreme Court cases included:

A

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)

105
Q

Congress passed the ______________ that created the ICC to regulate the railroads; became the prototype for modern regulatory agencies

A

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

106
Q

What were 3 political problems for farmers

A

1) Declining crop prices
2) Railroad freight rates
3) Mortgages

107
Q

What revolutionized the cattle business

A

Barbed wire

108
Q

What three things that barbed wire accomplish

A

1) Prevented animals from entering
2) Put small ranchers out of business
3) Many become wage workers

109
Q

Cowboys gave way to the ________

A

Cattle King

110
Q

Many__________, __________, _________ and __________were Cowboys

A

African Americans, Mexicans Indians and ex-confederate Cavalry

111
Q

1886- ________ decimated herds b/c overcrowded ranges and barbed wires

A

Blizzard

112
Q

___________ alienated people

A

“Billion dollar congress”

History (13 decks)

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