Ch18 and a bit of ch17 Flashcards
Manufacture of capital goods fueled the income growth; _________ was the critical element
Steel production
American economy experienced unprecedented growth and per capital income rose nearly ___ between 1877 and 1900
50%
Between 1865 and 1900, RR tracks increased from _______ miles to approx. __________ miles
35,000
193,000
RR’s helped immensely by ______ and __________,
example; through land grants and money
States
The US government
Gilded age
A period of enormous economic growth and ostentatious displays of wealth during the last quarter of the 19th century
Cornelius Vanderbilt known as the _________, owned as the New York central RR
“Commodore”
Who controlled Eerie Railroad and Western Union Telegraph company
Jay Goald
George Westinghouse created the _________
Air Brake
When is the Transcontinental railroad line finished and where
1869
At Prom on-by Point, Utah
What were 2 key developments of steel production
1) Bessemer converter (mass produce steel)-made by Henry B.
2) Turbine engine
Who dominated the steel industry
Andrew Carnegie
US steel was created from the company of ________
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie donated over ____
$350 million
Who dominated the oil industry, especially refinement
And he founded standard oil
John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller donated over _____
$520 million
Industrialists created ________ that eliminated competition
Monopolies
Use of ________,_______, and ________ companies also provided advantages for the industrialists
Rebates, trust and holding
Trust
A system in which the corporation gives shares of their stock to trustees who hold the stock ‘in trust’ for their stockholders
Rebates
A deduction from an amount to be paid or a return of part of an amount given in payment
Holding company
Company or firm that owns other companies outstanding stock
Who invented the lightbulb
Thomas Edison
What did Alexander Graham Bell invent?
“Centennial transmitter”
In 1900: _____ becomes the dominant communications carrier in the US
AT&T
JP Morgan was a:
Wall Street investment banker
How did JP Morgan restore order to the RR industry?
By consolidating them into 6 regional systems
JP Morgan hated wasteful competition and pioneered business ________
Mergers
In 1901; JP Morgan purchased __________
For approx: _____
Carnegie Steel
$500 M
After JP Morgan purchased the company he created _______; the first billion dollar corporation
U.S. Steel
“Social Darwinism”
Applied the theories of species evolution and “fitness” to business and society
Justified economic inequality as a positive good
What were some disciples of “Social Darwinism”
Herbert Spencer in Britain and William Graham Summer in the U.S.
“Gospel of wealth”
Wealthy have an obligation to better society
Climate of tolerance- growth of Big business aided by the following factors:
- Govt.’s Policy of laissez faire
2. Supreme Court’s interpretation of the fourteenth amendment, corporations=persons
Political campaigns during the Gilded age drew __________
Record turnouts
Why did political campaigns draw a record turnout?
Patronage (spoils system very influential); ethnic and religious loyalties
“Waving the bloody shirt”
1892 campaign cartoon showing Uncle Sam denying entry to the White House to the democratic candidates in favor of the republican candidates
Although the _______ still voted democrat, at the state and local levels political loyalties shifted and new groups emerged
Ex: “Readjusters”
“Solid South”
“New south”
Post-reconstruction south became more diversified economically, although agriculture was still dominant
In national politics, _______ replaced class as the dominant issue for determining citizenship
Gender
Jim Crow laws
System of racial segregation
Jim Crow laws segregated African Americans from _________
Public facilities
Jim Crow laws
_______ voting rights and _______ other basic civil rights
Curtailed and denied
(Readjusters)
Coalition of African Americans and whites determined to lower the state debt and more money on _________
education
(Readjusters)
Universal political rights for all ________ but continued segregation in private
males
Democrats fight back-
Issue w/racial mixing- protect womanhood
(Threatening of white southern womanhood)
Reached apex with ________
Lynching
(Threatening of white southern womanhood)
Between 1880 and 1930, over _______ black Americans were lynched along with approx. ______ whites
3,200
700
(Anti-Lynching movement)
Fear of ___________ by southern whites influenced voting habits and restored white supremacy while maintains “Jim Crow” laws
Miscegenation
(Anti-Lynching movement)
Who launched the personal crusade to expose the barbarism of lynching- issue of gender and race- also economic component
Ida B. Wells
(Anti-Lynching movement)
What was the Ida B. Wells crusade called
Crusade for Justice
Who formed the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)- 1st women’s right association
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Women’s ______ proliferated following the civil war
Clubs
Temperance movement- supported by many women’s groups (bibles and signing hymns- marched on taverns and saloons) aka woman’s crusade-
Woman’s Christian temperance Union (WCTU)
Suffrage movement gained momentum in the late _______
19th century
1869: __________ founded
National woman’s suffrage association
Post-civil war Democratic Party divides electorate almost evenly with _________
republicans
Democrats emphasize ________ and limited government
State’s rights
Republicans see government as agent to promote moral progress and material wealth; party divided into several factions:
Stalwarts, Half-breeds and Mugwumps
Through which presidents did the Gilded age last?
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)- William McKinley (1897-1901)
Less well known presidents
What are three reasons why there were less well known presidents in the Gilded age?
- Laissez-faire policies
- social Darwinism
- Yet, it was a period with many struggles for the executive branch (party politics, corruption social issues)
Where did Laissez-faire originate
Scotland
When was Adam smith born and when did he die?
1723-1790
Adam smith was a
Scottish economist and moral philosopher
What did Adam Smith write
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the wealth of Nations- AKA Wealth of Nations (1776)
(Corruption and party strife)
Recall issues with Grant- these types of issues continue. Why?
1) spoils system
2) business influence on government
(Corruption and party strife)
Party bosses controlled the _________ process
Nomination
(Corruption and party strife)
Business interests tried to influence state legislatures through:
Contributions: indirect control of US senators resulted
(Corruption and party strife)
Who controlled the Republican Party
Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York
What were the three party factions during Hayes’ presidency
Stalwarts
Half-breeds
Mugwumps
(Stalwart)
Supporters of the _________ system
Patronage
(Stalwart)
Republican senator _________ and his supporters
Roscoe Conkling
(Half Breeds)
Supporters of ___________
Senator James G. Blaine
(Half Breeds)
Rivals of _________
Senator Conkling
(Half Breeds)
Less _______ but still accusations
Corrupt
(Mugwumps)
Reformers from ________
NY and Massachusetts
(Mugwumps)
Deplored _________ and advocated civil service reform
Spoils system
(Presidential election of 1880)
Decorated __________
Civil war veteran
(Presidential election of 1880)
Sought consensus within the __________; desires to lower tariff rates and extend American influence in _________
Republican Party
Latin America
July 2, 1881; ________ is shot In the back by disgruntled office seeker _________
Dies in September
Garfield
Charles Guiteau
When Garfield dies, who becomes president?
VP Chester Arthur (Stalwart)
Arthur Oversees in the US Navy’s Modernization program; signs the __________-sweeping civil service reform
Pendleton Act (1883)
James Garfield was killed less than _______ into term
4 months
_________ was insane
Charles Guiteau
Charles Guiteau claimed he was a ________
Stalwart
What did the assassination of Garfield lead to
Pendleton Act
(Pendleton Civil Service act)
Was created in the ____
1880s
(Pendleton Civil Service act)
Created _______
Civil service commission
(Pendleton Civil Service act)
Award government position based on ________
Merit
(Pendleton Civil Service act)
Not allowed to contribute to ____________
Political campaigns
(Pendleton Civil Service act)
Difficult remove for ________
Politics
(Presidential election of 1884)
First democrat since __________
Buchanan (1861)
(Presidential election of 1884)
Committed to less government and lowering the ________
Tariff
(Presidential election of 1884)
Vetoed more ________ than all previous presidents combined
Legislation
(Presidential election of 1884)
“_____________”
“A public office is a public trust”
(Presidential election of 1884)
_________- tended vote republican change support to Cleveland (Dem.)
Mugwumps
(Campaign of 1884)
Issue of ___________
Morality of the candidate
(Campaign of 1884)
Blain seemed profited for support of ________
Railroads
(Interstate commerce act)
What year was this act made
1887
(Interstate commerce act)
Began federal regulations of _________
Railroads
(Interstate commerce act)
Created ___________
Interstate commerce commission (ICC)
(Grandson of William Henry Harrison)
Despite fewer popular votes, won the election: _________ won both houses of congress
Republican
(Grandson of William Henry Harrison)
Signed important pieces of legislation- ____________, _________ and __________ all in 1890
McKinley Tariff act, Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Sherman Silver Purchase act
(Presidential election of 1888-back to the issue)
Republicans advocated high protective _______
Also promised generous pensions to union ______ of the American civil war (army of the republic)
Tariff
Veterans
(Presidential election of 1888-Back to the issues)
Democrats advocated ___________
Lower tariffs
States took the lead in establishing commissions to regulate big business, paving the ways for __________
federal initiatives
Supreme Court cases included:
Munn v. Illinois (1877)
Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)
Congress passed the ______________ that created the ICC to regulate the railroads; became the prototype for modern regulatory agencies
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
What were 3 political problems for farmers
1) Declining crop prices
2) Railroad freight rates
3) Mortgages
What revolutionized the cattle business
Barbed wire
What three things that barbed wire accomplish
1) Prevented animals from entering
2) Put small ranchers out of business
3) Many become wage workers
Cowboys gave way to the ________
Cattle King
Many__________, __________, _________ and __________were Cowboys
African Americans, Mexicans Indians and ex-confederate Cavalry
1886- ________ decimated herds b/c overcrowded ranges and barbed wires
Blizzard
___________ alienated people
“Billion dollar congress”
