Chapter 16 Flashcards
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction aka the “Ten percent plan”:
- Amnesty (pardon)
- 10% of states voters required to take oath of allegiance
- Slavery abolished
- Status of freedom not addressed
Postwar dilemma:
Who had the authority to develop reconstruction plan, the president or congress?
(“The ten percent” plan) Radical republicans countered with ____________ (1864)
The Wade-Davis Bill
(“The ten percent” plan) ____% of electorate to take an oath of allegiance and repudiate acts of secession; banned ex-confederates in ____________
50
Drafting state constitutions
(“The ten percent” plan) Punitive in nature; congress should ___________
Determine reconstruction policies; status of freedmen left to the states
(“The ten percent” plan) vetoed by _________
Abraham Lincoln
(“The ten percent” plan) Issue of _______ was controversial
Free labor
(“The ten percent” plan) the union armies imposed conditions upon _________; planters rented it, and freedmen felt restricted by labor codes
The conquered south
In 1863 congress creates _____________
The Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau was a:
Government organization created to distribute food and clothing to southerners to ease transition of slaves to free persons
The Freedmen’s Bureau made abandoned land dived into ________
40-acre plots
Freedmen desired three things:
1) to possess their own land (by the end of 1865, Congress had parceled over 500,000 acres to 10,000 families- “40 acres and a mule”)
2) to reunite their families
3) to worship freely
Johnson’s reconstruction plan (1865):
- Loyalty oath taken by 10% of the electorate
- State must ratify the 13 amendment
- Secession acts voided and war debt repudiated
- Pardons granted
(Johnson’s amnesty policy was very liberal)
Southerners elected _________ to congress
Ex-confederate officials
(Johnson’s amnesty policy was very liberal)
Southern states enacted _________ to restrict freedmen; violence erupted against freedmen
Black codes
(Johnson’s amnesty policy was very liberal)
What was the objective of southern planters?
To reduce freedmen to plantation field hands and subservience
Johnson didn’t interfere
Johnson vetoed ____________ and ____________ -both were overridden by congress eventually
The Freedmen’s bureau bill (food and clothing) and the civil rights bill of 1866 (nullifies black codes)
In 1866 the fourteenth amendment was introduced.
What did it do?
It granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States”
Who was defeated in the 1866 congressional elections?
Humiliating defeat for President Johnson and the Democrats
Reconstruction act of 1867:
- South’s New state government is abolished; south placed under military rule
- 14th amendment to be ratified
- All qualified male voters be allowed to vote; equal rights for all citizens
- Ex-confederate officials banned from voting
The military reconstruction act was a _________ act
Congressional
What year was the military reconstruction act?
1867
Military reconstruction act had military rule of the ______
South
The military reconstruction act had divided:
10 unreconstructed confederate states, each with a general charge
________ began to dismantle the will of congress
Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson encouraged southerners ________
To resist
Andrew Johnson’s Pardons replaced __________
Union generals
Andrew Johnson was against ___________
Freedmen’s Bureau
Who was impeached?
Andrew Johnson
Why was Andrew Johnson impeached?
For violation the Tenure of Office act; “high crimes and misdemeanors”
Johnson dismissed _____________
Sec. Of war Edwin Stanton
What was the result of Johnson dismissing Edwin Stanton?
Johnson acquitted in the senate by one vote (35-19)- needed 2/3 vote
When was Johnson impeached?
1867-1868
Fifteenth amendment ratified in ___
1870
After fifteenth amendment women were:
Still excluded vote could not be deprived because of race, color or previous condition of servitude
The Republican Party gained support in the south from three main groups:
Freedmen
Northerners (especially from New England)
Yeomen farmers
Southerners came to hate two groups of Republican supporters:
- “Carpetbaggers”
2. “Scalawags”
What was a Scalawag?
Derogatory term southerners applied to southern white republicans, seen as traitors
____ of southern whites voted republican- often unionists and yeomen farmers
1/4
What are Carpetbaggers?
Southern term for northern immigrants seeking opportunity in the south
What was the Ku Klux Klan?
Confederate veterans’ social club- developed into a paramilitary club supporting Democrats
Where was the KKK formed?
Tennessee
Without enough _________; KKK went on a rampage
Union troops (only 20,000)
(1868-1872); great political progress achieved; participation in state _______ as well as the U.S. congress
Legislatures
Leaders of great political progress included:
Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce
Who was the first African American to serve in the senate?
Hiram Revels (Mississippi)
Who was the first African American to serve a full term as US senator?
Blanche Bruce (Mississippi)
Republicans wanted to alter southern life, especially its ________- diversification was a goal
economy
Taxes were imposed to pay for the republicans __________
Ambitious programs
Huge problem for republicans-
Public as well as private corruption
And the resistance by the federal government to confiscate properties of ex-confederates
What was a labor system during reconstruction?
Sharecropping
(Sharecropping)
Planters divided their plantations into ___________
Small farms that freedmen rented paying with a share of the crop
(Sharecropping)
Former slaves had freedom but dependent on __________
White landlords
(Sharecropping)
Freedmen built ________ on the rented lands
Separate cabins on the rented land
Sharecropping- “_________”
“Economic bondage”
(Sharecropping)
Some sharecroppers were forced into permanent debt that led to _________
Debt peonage
(Sharecropping)
Black farmers owned roughly ____ of the land they cultivated
1/3
Grant’s presidency (1869-1877) dominated by ____________
Reconstruction Amnesty Act passed (1872)
Federal government’s inability to effectively enforce __________ led to the end of the reconstruction
Laws, public waning interest and intimidation
By 1876, only 3 states remained in republican hands:
South Carolina
Louisiana
Florida
Was Grant more Effective as a President or General?
General
Grant surrounded himself with _______
Friends
(Grant as president)
Corruption at the highest levels including ______ and _________
VP (Colfax) and 2 cabinet members
KKK emerged in ___ in ________
1866
Tennessee
KKK leading figure was _________
Nathan Bedford Forrest
US govt. response to KKK:
Reconstruction Act (1867) Force acts (1870-1871) Civil rights act (1875)
What are Redeemers?
Name taken by southern Democrats who harnessed white rage in order to overthrow republican rule
1876 election
Election decided by a special congressional electoral commission that voted ______ in favor of ______
8-7
Hayes
Reconstruction officially came to an end with _______
troop withdrawals
Freedmen’s Bureau
Government organization created in March 1865 to distribute food and clothing to destitute southerners and to ease the transition of slaves to free persons
Black codes
Laws passed by state governments in the south in 1865 that sought to keep ex-slaves subordinate to whites
Civil rights act of 1866
Legislation passed by congress in 1866 that nullified the black codes and affirmed that black Americans should have equal benefits of the law
Fourteenth amendment
Constitutional amendment passed in 1866 that made all naive-born or naturalized persons US citizens and prohibited states from abridging the rights of natural citizens
Military reconstruction act
Congressional act of March 1867 that initiated military rule of the south
Fifteenth amendment
Constitutional amendment passed in February 1869 prohibiting states from depriving any citizen of the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
Compromise of 1877
Informal agreement in which democrats agreed not to block Hayes’ and to deal fairly with freedmen
