Chapter 21: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Moving a body part toward the midline of the body
Amputation
The surgical removal of part or all of a body part
Arthritis
A general term that refers to inflammation of the joints
Bones
Rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, lend support to body structures, allow the body to move, and protect the organs
Bursae
Tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints and help reduce friction
Bursitis
A condition in which the bursae become inflamed and painful
Cartilage
The protective substance that covers the ends of ones and makes up the discs that are found between vertebrae
Flexion
Bending a body part
Fracture
A broken bone
Full weight-bearing
A doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight on both legs and has not weight-bearing limitations
Joints
The points where two bones meet; provide movement and flexibilty
Ligaments
Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones or cartilage and support the joints and joint movement
Muscles
Groups of tissues that contract and relax, allowing motion, supporting the body, protecting organs, and creating heat
Muscular dystrophy
An inherited, progressive disease that causes a gradual wasting of muscle, weakness, and deformity
Non-weight-bearing
A doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs
Osteoarthritis
A type of arthritis that usually affects weight-bearing joints, especially the hips and knees; also called degenerative joint disease
Osteopenia
Reduced bone density, but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the bones become brittle and weak, causing them to break easily
Partial weight-bearing
A doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs
Phantom limb pain
Pain in a limb that has been amputated
Phantom sensation
Warmth, itching, or tingling from a body part that has been amputated
Prosthesis
An artificial device that replaces a body part, such as an eye, hip, arm, leg, tooth, or heart valve; helps improve function and/or appearnace
Rheumatoid arthritis
a type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful; movement is restricted and deformities of the hands are common
Sling
A bandage or piece of material that is suspended from the neck for the purpose of holding and supporting a forearm
Tendons
Tough fibrous bands that connect muscle to bone
total hip replacement
A surgical replacement of the head of the femur (long bone of the leg) and the socket it fits into where it joins the hips with artificial materials
Total knee replacement
A surgical replacement of a damaged or painful knee with artificial materials
What are the three types of muscles?
1) Skeletal muscles
2) Smooth Muscles
3) Cardiac muscles
What are cardiac muscles?
A type of involuntary muscle, these muscles are found only in the heart. The cardiac muscles contract and relax anywhere from 60 to 100 times each minute
What are skeletal muscles?
Also called voluntary muscles. These muscles control body movements by contracting and relaxing. A voluntary muscle is a muscle that can be controlled voluntarily, or at will.
What are smooth muscles?
A type of involuntary muscles. THese muscles make up the walls of organs, such as the bladder and uterus. Involuntary muscles are controlled automatically and are not under a person’s conscious control
What are the four types of bones?
1) Long Bones
2) Short Bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
Give an example of a long bone
Humerus, femur
Give and example of a short bone
carpals, tarsals
Give an example of a flat bone
The sternum, the scapula
Give and example of an irregular bone
Bones of the vertebrae
What are the three types of joints?
1) Immovable joints
2) Slightly movable joints
3) Movable joints
Give an example of immovable joints
the cranium
Give an example of slightly movable joints
the joint between the pubic bones
Give and example of movable joints
The humerus, hip and shoulder joints, elbow and knee joints
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
1) Gives shape and form to the body
2) Maintains posture
3) Permits movement
4) Protects internal organs
5) Stores calcium and phosphorus
6) Produces heat
7) Produces some blood cells
What are the normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal system?
1) Muscles weaken and lose tone
2) Bones lose calcium, causing them to become porous and brittle
3) Height is gradually lost due to shrinkage of space between the vertebrae in the spine
4) Loss of muscle mass in the body causes weight loss
5) Joint are less flexible and stiffer, which slows normal body movements and decreases range of motion
What causes muscular dystrophy?
Specific gene in the body
What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophy?
1) Muscle weakness
2) Stiffness
3) Twitching of the hands and arms
Care guidelines for muscular dystrophy
1) Allow time for movement
2) Give frequent skin care to prevent pressure ulcers
3) Reposition residents often to prevent contractures
4) Perform ROM exercises as directed
5) Assist with ADLs. Encourage independence
6) Report any unusual problems or changes
What are the causes of osteoporosis?
1) Lack of calcium in diet
2) Loss of estrogen
3) Lack of regular exercise
4) Reduced mobility
5) Age
What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?
1) Low back pain
2) Loss of height
3) Fractures
4) Stooped posture
What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
1) Medication
2) Exercise
3) Calcium Supplements
In what gender is osteoporosis most common and when?
Females especially after menopause
important points about arthritis
1) General term for inflammation of joints that cause pain, stiffness and swelling
2) May cause decreased mobility
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
1) Pain
2) Redness
3) Stiffness
4) Limited motion
What type of weather might increase pain and stiffness?
Cold, damp weather
What causes rhermatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune illness
What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
1) Stiffness
2) Swelling
3) Severe pain
4) Deformities which may be severe and disabling
5) Fever
6) Fatigue
7) Weight loss
Care guidelines for arthritis
1) Assist with exercise program
2) Perform ROM exercises as directed
3) Let nurse know, before exercise, if pain medication is needed.
4) Assist with ADLs as needed
5) Encourage use of handrails and safety bars in bathroom
6) Be positive and supportive; listen if resident wants to talk
7) Report stiffness swelling, pain, reduced ability to perform ROM exercises, or decline in acitivity
What are the symptoms of bursitis?
Tissue around joint may become painful, swollen, and tender
What is the treatment for bursitis?
1) Application of ice
2) Immobilization to rest joint
3) medication
4) Removal of fluid from joint
5) cortisone injections
What are the causes of amputations?
1) Disease
2) Cancer
3) Injury
4) Accidents
Guidelines for amputation and prosthesis care
1) Be careful when handling prostheses
2) Follow instructions to apply or remove prostheses
3) Apply special compression bandages and/or stump shrinkers as ordered
4) Change socks often and place sock seams facing outside to prevent abrasions
5) Give regular, careful skin care to avoid complications with the stump and the prosthesis
6) Bathe and rinse the stump
7) Clean and dry the socket of the prosthesis when it is removed
8) Before applying a prosthesis, make sure the area is completely dry
9) Do not react negatively to the stump or the prosthesis during care
10) Follow orders for bed elevation or positioinings
11) Follow orders for positioning of the leg
12) Assist with ADLs
13) Encourage activity
More Guidelines for amputation and prosthesis care
1) Perform rage of motion exercises as directed
2) Physical therapists will assist resident in learning to bear weight on prosthesis
3) Provide support for phantom pain, phantom sensation, or stump pain. The pain or sensation is real and should be treated that way
4) Be supportive during process of adjustment
What causes a fracture?
Trauma or accidents; falling is a common cause
What are the symptoms of a fracture?
1) pain
2) Swelling
3) bruising
What is the treatment for a fracture?
Bone must be set and allowed to heal in normal alignment
How long does it take a for fracture to heal?
four to eight weeks
What are the types of fractures?
1) Closed or simple fracture
2) Hairline Fracture
3) Open or compound fracture
4) Greenstick fracture
5) Comminuted Fracture
6) Compression fracture
7) Pathologic fracture
Describe a closed or simple fracture
The skin is closed. Bone is in proper position, and has not dislocated
Describe a hairline fracture
The skin is closed. Bone has fine-line crack noted on X-ray, and has not dislocated
Describe an open or compound fracture
The skin is open. Bone may come through the skin. The person has an increased risk of infection
Describe a greenstick fracture
The skin is usually closed. The fracture is incomplete. Only one side of the bone is broken; the other side is bent. Greenstick fractures are more common in children
Describe a comminuted fracture
The skin is open or closed. Bone has fractured in two or more places
Describe a compression fracture
The fracture occurs in the spine. The skin is usually closed. Bone may break with trauma or without significant trauma. This fracture can be due to osteoporosis, tumor, or other condition. It is commonly seen in the elderly
Describe a phathologic fracture
A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease. Causes include tumors, matastatic cancers, and infection
What does the RICE acronym stand for?
R= Rest I= Ice C= Compression E= Elevation
List the guidelines for cast care
1) Pad cast edges as needed
2) Do not get cast wet
3) Keep cast clean
4) Follow orders on moving and repositioning
5) Extremity may need to be elevated
6) Help with ROM exercises as ordered
7) Allow time for movement
8) Assist with use of cane, walker, or crutches
9) Use bed cradles to reduce pressure from bed linens
Guidelines for total hip replacement
1) Follow care plan exactly
2) Follow orders regarding positioning and elevation of head of bed
3) Never perform ROM exercises on side of hip replacement without orders from nurse
4) Caution resident not to cross legs
5) Assist with dressing, starting with weaker side
6) Apply anti-embolic stockings as ordered
7) Use adaptive devices
8) Ask resident to use handrails in shower
9) Ask nurse for pain medication prior to moving and positioning
10) Assist with coughing and deep breathing exercises
11) Encourage fluids
12) Never rush resident
13) Keep often-used items in easy reach
Care guidelines for total knee replacement
1) Apply special stockings to prevent blood clots
2) Do not perform special exercises unless trained and ordered
3) Assist with coughing and deep breathing exercises, as ordered
4) Assist with coughing and deep breathing exercises as ordered
5) Encourage fluids
6) Ask nurse for pain medication prior to moving and positioning
Important points about continuous passive motion
1) May be used for people who have had TKR
2) Moves joint through normal range of motion
3) Notify nurse if the resident complains of pain or discomfort of if the extremity moves out of the proper position
Important points about traction
1) Method of treating fractures that keeps bones in place
2) Uses weights and pulleys to keep bones in proper position
3) Nursing assistants should never disconnect traction assembly or adjust the weights
4) Keep resident in proper body alignement
Important points about elastic bandages
1) Bandages that are wrapped around a body part
2) Used to keep dressings in place, hold splints in place, and provide protection, compression and support for body parts, decrease swelling from injuries and hold ice in place
3) Must be snug enough to provide proper compression and support but not interfere with circulation
