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CNA > Chapter 21: The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 21: The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

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2
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a body part toward the midline of the body

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3
Q

Amputation

A

The surgical removal of part or all of a body part

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4
Q

Arthritis

A

A general term that refers to inflammation of the joints

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5
Q

Bones

A

Rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, lend support to body structures, allow the body to move, and protect the organs

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6
Q

Bursae

A

Tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints and help reduce friction

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7
Q

Bursitis

A

A condition in which the bursae become inflamed and painful

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8
Q

Cartilage

A

The protective substance that covers the ends of ones and makes up the discs that are found between vertebrae

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9
Q

Flexion

A

Bending a body part

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10
Q

Fracture

A

A broken bone

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11
Q

Full weight-bearing

A

A doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight on both legs and has not weight-bearing limitations

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12
Q

Joints

A

The points where two bones meet; provide movement and flexibilty

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13
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones or cartilage and support the joints and joint movement

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14
Q

Muscles

A

Groups of tissues that contract and relax, allowing motion, supporting the body, protecting organs, and creating heat

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15
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

An inherited, progressive disease that causes a gradual wasting of muscle, weakness, and deformity

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16
Q

Non-weight-bearing

A

A doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs

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17
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A type of arthritis that usually affects weight-bearing joints, especially the hips and knees; also called degenerative joint disease

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18
Q

Osteopenia

A

Reduced bone density, but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis

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19
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A condition in which the bones become brittle and weak, causing them to break easily

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20
Q

Partial weight-bearing

A

A doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs

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21
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

Pain in a limb that has been amputated

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22
Q

Phantom sensation

A

Warmth, itching, or tingling from a body part that has been amputated

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23
Q

Prosthesis

A

An artificial device that replaces a body part, such as an eye, hip, arm, leg, tooth, or heart valve; helps improve function and/or appearnace

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24
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

a type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful; movement is restricted and deformities of the hands are common

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25
Q

Sling

A

A bandage or piece of material that is suspended from the neck for the purpose of holding and supporting a forearm

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26
Q

Tendons

A

Tough fibrous bands that connect muscle to bone

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27
Q

total hip replacement

A

A surgical replacement of the head of the femur (long bone of the leg) and the socket it fits into where it joins the hips with artificial materials

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28
Q

Total knee replacement

A

A surgical replacement of a damaged or painful knee with artificial materials

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29
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

1) Skeletal muscles
2) Smooth Muscles
3) Cardiac muscles

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30
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

A type of involuntary muscle, these muscles are found only in the heart. The cardiac muscles contract and relax anywhere from 60 to 100 times each minute

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31
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

Also called voluntary muscles. These muscles control body movements by contracting and relaxing. A voluntary muscle is a muscle that can be controlled voluntarily, or at will.

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32
Q

What are smooth muscles?

A

A type of involuntary muscles. THese muscles make up the walls of organs, such as the bladder and uterus. Involuntary muscles are controlled automatically and are not under a person’s conscious control

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33
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A

1) Long Bones
2) Short Bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones

34
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

Humerus, femur

35
Q

Give and example of a short bone

A

carpals, tarsals

36
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

The sternum, the scapula

37
Q

Give and example of an irregular bone

A

Bones of the vertebrae

38
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

1) Immovable joints
2) Slightly movable joints
3) Movable joints

39
Q

Give an example of immovable joints

A

the cranium

40
Q

Give an example of slightly movable joints

A

the joint between the pubic bones

41
Q

Give and example of movable joints

A

The humerus, hip and shoulder joints, elbow and knee joints

42
Q

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A

1) Gives shape and form to the body
2) Maintains posture
3) Permits movement
4) Protects internal organs
5) Stores calcium and phosphorus
6) Produces heat
7) Produces some blood cells

43
Q

What are the normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal system?

A

1) Muscles weaken and lose tone
2) Bones lose calcium, causing them to become porous and brittle
3) Height is gradually lost due to shrinkage of space between the vertebrae in the spine
4) Loss of muscle mass in the body causes weight loss
5) Joint are less flexible and stiffer, which slows normal body movements and decreases range of motion

44
Q

What causes muscular dystrophy?

A

Specific gene in the body

45
Q

What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophy?

A

1) Muscle weakness
2) Stiffness
3) Twitching of the hands and arms

46
Q

Care guidelines for muscular dystrophy

A

1) Allow time for movement
2) Give frequent skin care to prevent pressure ulcers
3) Reposition residents often to prevent contractures
4) Perform ROM exercises as directed
5) Assist with ADLs. Encourage independence
6) Report any unusual problems or changes

47
Q

What are the causes of osteoporosis?

A

1) Lack of calcium in diet
2) Loss of estrogen
3) Lack of regular exercise
4) Reduced mobility
5) Age

48
Q

What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis?

A

1) Low back pain
2) Loss of height
3) Fractures
4) Stooped posture

49
Q

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

A

1) Medication
2) Exercise
3) Calcium Supplements

50
Q

In what gender is osteoporosis most common and when?

A

Females especially after menopause

51
Q

important points about arthritis

A

1) General term for inflammation of joints that cause pain, stiffness and swelling
2) May cause decreased mobility

52
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A

1) Pain
2) Redness
3) Stiffness
4) Limited motion

53
Q

What type of weather might increase pain and stiffness?

A

Cold, damp weather

54
Q

What causes rhermatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune illness

55
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

1) Stiffness
2) Swelling
3) Severe pain
4) Deformities which may be severe and disabling
5) Fever
6) Fatigue
7) Weight loss

56
Q

Care guidelines for arthritis

A

1) Assist with exercise program
2) Perform ROM exercises as directed
3) Let nurse know, before exercise, if pain medication is needed.
4) Assist with ADLs as needed
5) Encourage use of handrails and safety bars in bathroom
6) Be positive and supportive; listen if resident wants to talk
7) Report stiffness swelling, pain, reduced ability to perform ROM exercises, or decline in acitivity

57
Q

What are the symptoms of bursitis?

A

Tissue around joint may become painful, swollen, and tender

58
Q

What is the treatment for bursitis?

A

1) Application of ice
2) Immobilization to rest joint
3) medication
4) Removal of fluid from joint
5) cortisone injections

59
Q

What are the causes of amputations?

A

1) Disease
2) Cancer
3) Injury
4) Accidents

60
Q

Guidelines for amputation and prosthesis care

A

1) Be careful when handling prostheses
2) Follow instructions to apply or remove prostheses
3) Apply special compression bandages and/or stump shrinkers as ordered
4) Change socks often and place sock seams facing outside to prevent abrasions
5) Give regular, careful skin care to avoid complications with the stump and the prosthesis
6) Bathe and rinse the stump
7) Clean and dry the socket of the prosthesis when it is removed
8) Before applying a prosthesis, make sure the area is completely dry
9) Do not react negatively to the stump or the prosthesis during care
10) Follow orders for bed elevation or positioinings
11) Follow orders for positioning of the leg
12) Assist with ADLs
13) Encourage activity

61
Q

More Guidelines for amputation and prosthesis care

A

1) Perform rage of motion exercises as directed
2) Physical therapists will assist resident in learning to bear weight on prosthesis
3) Provide support for phantom pain, phantom sensation, or stump pain. The pain or sensation is real and should be treated that way
4) Be supportive during process of adjustment

62
Q

What causes a fracture?

A

Trauma or accidents; falling is a common cause

63
Q

What are the symptoms of a fracture?

A

1) pain
2) Swelling
3) bruising

64
Q

What is the treatment for a fracture?

A

Bone must be set and allowed to heal in normal alignment

65
Q

How long does it take a for fracture to heal?

A

four to eight weeks

66
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A

1) Closed or simple fracture
2) Hairline Fracture
3) Open or compound fracture
4) Greenstick fracture
5) Comminuted Fracture
6) Compression fracture
7) Pathologic fracture

67
Q

Describe a closed or simple fracture

A

The skin is closed. Bone is in proper position, and has not dislocated

68
Q

Describe a hairline fracture

A

The skin is closed. Bone has fine-line crack noted on X-ray, and has not dislocated

69
Q

Describe an open or compound fracture

A

The skin is open. Bone may come through the skin. The person has an increased risk of infection

70
Q

Describe a greenstick fracture

A

The skin is usually closed. The fracture is incomplete. Only one side of the bone is broken; the other side is bent. Greenstick fractures are more common in children

71
Q

Describe a comminuted fracture

A

The skin is open or closed. Bone has fractured in two or more places

72
Q

Describe a compression fracture

A

The fracture occurs in the spine. The skin is usually closed. Bone may break with trauma or without significant trauma. This fracture can be due to osteoporosis, tumor, or other condition. It is commonly seen in the elderly

73
Q

Describe a phathologic fracture

A

A fracture that occurs in a bone weakened by disease. Causes include tumors, matastatic cancers, and infection

74
Q

What does the RICE acronym stand for?

A 
R= Rest
I= Ice
C= Compression
E= Elevation
75
Q

List the guidelines for cast care

A

1) Pad cast edges as needed
2) Do not get cast wet
3) Keep cast clean
4) Follow orders on moving and repositioning
5) Extremity may need to be elevated
6) Help with ROM exercises as ordered
7) Allow time for movement
8) Assist with use of cane, walker, or crutches
9) Use bed cradles to reduce pressure from bed linens

76
Q

Guidelines for total hip replacement

A

1) Follow care plan exactly
2) Follow orders regarding positioning and elevation of head of bed
3) Never perform ROM exercises on side of hip replacement without orders from nurse
4) Caution resident not to cross legs
5) Assist with dressing, starting with weaker side
6) Apply anti-embolic stockings as ordered
7) Use adaptive devices
8) Ask resident to use handrails in shower
9) Ask nurse for pain medication prior to moving and positioning
10) Assist with coughing and deep breathing exercises
11) Encourage fluids
12) Never rush resident
13) Keep often-used items in easy reach

77
Q

Care guidelines for total knee replacement

A

1) Apply special stockings to prevent blood clots
2) Do not perform special exercises unless trained and ordered
3) Assist with coughing and deep breathing exercises, as ordered
4) Assist with coughing and deep breathing exercises as ordered
5) Encourage fluids
6) Ask nurse for pain medication prior to moving and positioning

78
Q

Important points about continuous passive motion

A

1) May be used for people who have had TKR
2) Moves joint through normal range of motion
3) Notify nurse if the resident complains of pain or discomfort of if the extremity moves out of the proper position

79
Q

Important points about traction

A

1) Method of treating fractures that keeps bones in place
2) Uses weights and pulleys to keep bones in proper position
3) Nursing assistants should never disconnect traction assembly or adjust the weights
4) Keep resident in proper body alignement

80
Q

Important points about elastic bandages

A

1) Bandages that are wrapped around a body part
2) Used to keep dressings in place, hold splints in place, and provide protection, compression and support for body parts, decrease swelling from injuries and hold ice in place
3) Must be snug enough to provide proper compression and support but not interfere with circulation

CNA (17 decks)

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