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CNA > Chapter 16: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

24-hour urine specimen

A

A urine specimen consisting of all urine voided in a 24-hour period

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2
Q

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)

A

An infection that occurs in the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney when bacteria travels up a catheter

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3
Q

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

A

Progressive condition in which the kidneys cannot filter certain waste products; also called chronic kidney failure

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4
Q

Clean-catch specimen

A

A urine specimen that does not include the first and last urine that is voided; also called mid-stream specimen

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5
Q

Condom catheter

A

a catheter that has an attachment on the end that fits onto the penis; also called an external or Texas catheter

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6
Q

Dialysis

A

a process that cleans the body of wastes that the kidneys cannot remove due to kidney failure

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7
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

condition in which kidneys have failed and dialysis or transplantation is required to sustain life

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8
Q

indwelling catheter

A

A catheter that stays inside the bladder for a period of time; urine drains into a bag

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9
Q

Ketones

A

Chemical substances that the body produces when it does not have enough insulin in the blood

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10
Q

Micturition

A

the process of emptying the bladder of urine; also called urination or voiding

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11
Q

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones

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12
Q

Routine urine specimen

A

A urine specimen that can be collected any time a person voids

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13
Q

Specific gravity

A

A test performed to measure the density of urine

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14
Q

Sphincter

A

a ring-like muscle that opens and closes an opening in the body

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15
Q

Straight catheter

A

a catheter that does not stay inside the person; it is removed immediately after urine is drained or collected

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16
Q

urinary incontinence

A

the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine

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17
Q

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

An infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney

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18
Q

voiding

A

The process of emptying the bladder of urine; also called urination or micturition

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19
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

1) Elimination of waste products from the blood
2) Maintenance of water balance in the body
3) Regulation of the levels of electrolytes in the body
4) Assistance in regulation of blood pressure

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20
Q

What are the normal changes in the urinary system due to aging?

A

1) The kidneys do not filter blood as efficiently
2) Bladder muscle tone weakens
3) Bladder holds less urine, causing more frequent urination
4) Bladder may not empty completely, causing increased chance of infection

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21
Q

What are the normal characteristics of urine?

A

1) Light, pale yellow, or amber in color
2) Clear or transparent
3) faint smell
4) Adults produce about 1200-1500 mL of urine, although elderly may produce less

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of urine you need to report?

A

1) Cloudy urine
2) Dark or rust-colored urine
3) Strong, offensive, or fruity smelling urine
4) Pain, burning, or pressure when urinating
5) Blood, pus, mucus, or discharge in urine
6) Episodes of incontinence

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23
Q

List the factors that affect urination

A

1) Growth and development
2) Psychological factors
3) Fluid intake
4) Physical activity and exercise
5) Personal habits
6) Medications
7) Disorders

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24
Q

How can growth and development affect urination?

A

1) Aging affects the bladder’s ability to hold urine. The bladder is to able to hold the same amount of urine as it did when a person was younger
2) Older people may have to urinate more often
3) Urination during the night occurs more frequently with the elderly

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25
Q

How do psychological factors affect urination?

A

1) A lack of privacy can affect urination
2) Having a roommate for the first time, being in a place that is not home, and needing help with elimination can disrupt normal elimination patterns
3) Stress and fear can affect urination. They can cause a person to void frequent, small amounts of urine

26
Q

How can fluid intake affect urination?

A

1) The sense of thirst generally decreases as a person ages. Reduced fluid intake decreases urine production
2) The body’s ability to remove wastes in the urine may be affected. When wastes build up, infections and other problems can occur

27
Q

How does Physical Activity and Exercise affect urination?

A

A lack of exercise lessens sphincter control, which can increase episodes of incontinence

28
Q

How do personal habits affect urination?

A

1) If a resident is confined to bed, urination may be more difficult due to his position
2) The sitting position for women and standing position for men are the best positions or urination
3) Complete emptying of the bladder may be difficult when having to use a bedpan or urinal

29
Q

How do medications affect urination?

A

1) Some medications affect urination
2) Residents who have high blood pressure may be taking diuretics, which are medications that reduce fluid in the body by increasing urine output

30
Q

How to disorders affect urination?

A

1) Fevers cause increased sweating and may decrease urine production
2) Diabetes, diseases of the bladder or urethra, infection, and congestive heart failure (CHF) can affect urination

31
Q

what causes urinary tract infections?

A

Entrance of bacteria into the bladder through the urethra

32
Q

What gender is more susceptible to a urinary tract infection and why?

A

Female, their urethra is shorter

33
Q

What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections?

A

burning or pain with urination, blood in urine, frequency of and urgency with urination

34
Q

How does one prevent a urinary tract infection?

A

Drinking plenty of fluids and juices rich in Vitamin C, wiping from front to back after elimination, taking showers rather than baths

35
Q

How does one treat a urinary tract infection?

A

Antibiotics

36
Q

What happens during a chronic renal failure?

A

The kidney’s cannot filter waste products from the blood, and it becomes worse over time

37
Q

What causes chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes, hypertension, chronic urinary tract infections, nephritis

38
Q

What are the initial signs and symptoms of CRF?

A

unintended weightloss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache, frequent hiccups, itching

39
Q

What is urine retention?

A

The inability to adequately empty the bladder

40
Q

What are the causes of urine retention?

A

Surgery, obstruction, infection, disorders such as multiple sclerosis and diabetes, enlargement of prostate gland

41
Q

Symptoms of Urine retention

A

lower abdominal pain, painful urge but inability to urinate, distended bladder, abdominal swelling, frequent urge to urinate, difficulty starting to urinate, weak flow of urine, dribbling

42
Q

Treatment for Urine retention

A

Medication and catheterization

43
Q

What are the causes of urinary incontinence?

A

1) Confinement to bed
2) Illness
3) Paralysis
4) Circulatory or nervous system disorders
5) Prostate problems
6) Childbirth

44
Q

Is urinary incontinence a normal part of aging?

A

no

45
Q

What are the different types of incontinence?

A

1) Stress incontinence
2) Urge Incontinence
3) Mixed incontinence
4) functional incontinence
5) Overflow incontinence

46
Q

Guidelines for preventing incontinence

A

1) Know routines, habits, and signs
2) Follow toileting schedules and the care plan
3) Leave call lights within reach and answer call lights prompty
4) Offer bedpans or take residents to the bathroom often
5) Encourage fluids
6) Take daily walks near bathroom
7) Check incontinence briefs at least every two hours. Change wet or soiled incontinence briefs immediately

47
Q

More guidelines for preventing incontinence

A

1) Change wet or soiled clothing immediately
2) Change wet or soiled bed linens
3) Use disposable absorbent pads
4) Give careful skin care and perineal care
5) Provide privacy
6) Be calm, patient, and professional
7) Be reassuring and positive

48
Q

Do NAs insert, irrigate, or remove catheters?

A

No

49
Q

Guidelines for catheter care

A

1) Wash hands thoroughly
2) Wear gloves
3) Keep genital area clean
4) When cleaning meatus, move in one directions, away from meatus
5) Secure tubing properly
6) Make sure drainage bag hangs lower than hips or bladder
7) Do not hang drainage bag from bedrail
8) Keep tubing straight

50
Q

More Guidelines for catheter care

A

1) Keep drainage bag off floor. Keep catheter tubing from touching floor
2) Do not touch tip of clamp to any other object
3) Do not let drainage spout touch graduate
4) Do not disconnect catheter during positioning. Do not reattach disconnected tubing
5) Report blood in urine, leaks, bag filling suddenly or not filling for several hours, pain, pressure, or odor

51
Q

How much of the catheter must you clean?

A

At least 4 inches of the catheter

52
Q

Important points about urine specimens

A

1) Always identify the resident

2) Label and store specimens correctly

53
Q

What must the specimen be labeled with?

A

The resident’s name, date of birth, room number, the date, and the time, before being taken to the lab

54
Q

Basic facts about urine straining

A

1) Urine is strained to detect the presence of renel calculi, or kidney stones, that can develop in the urinary tract
2) Urine staining is the process of pouring all urine through a fine filter to catch any particles
3) To strain urine, a routine urine specimen is collected and then poured through a strainer or a 4X4- inch piece of gauze into a specimen container
4) Any stones are trapped in the filter
5) The filter is placed in the specimen container and then into a plastic bag for transport to the lab

55
Q

Guidelines for a Suprapubic Catheter

A

1) Clamp and unclamp catheter oat order times. Do not forget to unclamp the catheter at the designated time. Set a personal timer, if needed.
2) Do not pull or tug on the tubing
3) monitor insertion site area where the catheter enter the body
4) Notify the nurse if drainage is noted on the dressing, dressing needs changing, or redness or pain occurs
5) Make sure drainage tubing stays clear of blockages
6) Watch urine output regularly during your shift
7) Provide fluids to help maintain urine output

56
Q

What are the Five “Rights” of specimen collection?

A

1) The right resident
2) The right Specimen
3) The right container
4) The right date/time
5) The right storage/delivery

57
Q

What are the different methods of testing urine?

A

1) pH level - pH imbalance can be due to medication, food, or illness
2) Glucose and ketones- Presence can signal diabetes
3) Blood - Presence of blood can be a sign of illness or disease
4) Specific gravity- Tests urine density (dilute or concentrated) to make sure kidneys are functioning properly

58
Q

What can cause a loss of normal bladder function?

A

Illness, injury, or inactivity

59
Q

What is bladder retraining?

A

The process of assisting residents to regain control of their bladder function.

60
Q

How may NAs assist with bladder retraining?

A

1) Explain plan to resident. Follow Plan
2) Follow Standard Precautions
3) Observe residents’ elimination habits
4) Encourage fluids
5) Offer a bedpan or urinal or a trip to the bathroom before and after long procedures
5) Answer call lights promptly
6) Provide privacy and do not rush resident

61
Q

More that NAs can assist with bladder retraining

A

1) Help with perineal care
2) Keep accurate I&O records
3) Dispose of wastes properly
4) Offer Praise
5) Never show frustration or anger

CNA (17 decks)

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