Chapter 15 Flashcards
Absorption
The transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells
Anatomy
The study of body structure
Biology
The study of all life forms
Body systems
Groups of organs that perform specific functions in the human body
Bowel elimination
The physical process of releasing or emptying the colon or large intestine of solid waste, called stool or feces
Cells
The basic structural units of all organisms
Chyme
Semi-liquid substance made as a result of the chemical breakdown of food in the stomach
Colon
The large intestine
Colostomy
Surgically-created opening through the abdominal wall into the large intestine to allow feces to be expelled
Constipation
The inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool.
Crohn’s disease
A disease that causes the lining of the digestive tract to become inflamed (red, sore, swollen)
Defecation
The process of eliminating feces from the rectum through the anus.
Diarrhea
Frequent elimination of liquid or semi-liquid feces
Digestion
The process of converting food so that it can be absorbed into the blood and used by body tissues
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of sacs that develop in the wall of the large intestine due to diverticulosis
Diverticulosis
A disorder in order in which sac-like pouching develop in weakened areas of the wall of the large intestine
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine, where the common bile duct enters the small intestine
Electrolytes
Chemical substances that are essential to maintaining fluid balance and homeostasis in the body
Elimination
The process of expelling wastes
Enema
A specific amount of water, with or without an additive, introduced into the colon stimulate the elimination of stool
Fecal impaction
A mass of dry, hard stool that remains packed in the rectum and cannot be expelled
Fecal incontinence
An inability to control the muscles of the bowels, which leads to an involuntary passage of stool or gas
Feces
Solid body waste excreted through the ants from the large intestine; also called stool
Flatulence
Air in the intestine that is passed through the rectum; also called gas or flatus
Fracture pan
A bedpan that is flatter than a regular bedpan; used for small or thin people or those who cannot lift their buttocks onto a standard bedpan
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
A chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus
Gastrointestinal tract
A continuous tube from the opening of the mouth all the way to the anus, where solid wastes are eliminated from the body
Heartburn
A condition that results from a weakening of the sphincter muscle which joins the esophagus and the stomach; also known as acid reflux
Hemorrhoids
Enlarged veins in the rectum that can cause itching, burning, pain, and bleeding
Homeostasis
The condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working at their best
Ileostomy
Surgically-created opening into the end of the small intestine, the ileum, to allow feces to be expelled
Ingestion
The process of taking food or fluids into the body
Irritable bowel syndrome
A chronic condition of the large intestine that is worsened by stress
Malabsorption
A condition in which the body cannot absorb or digest a particular nutrient properly
Occult
Hidden
Organ
A structural unit in the human body that performs a specific function
Ostomy
Surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside
Pathophysiology
The study of the disorders that occur in the body
Peristalsis
Muscular contractions that push food through the gastrointestinal tract
Physiology
The study of joe body parts function
Portable commode
A chair with a toilet seat and a removable container underneath that is used for elimination; also called bedside commode
Specimen
A sample such as tissue, blood, urine, stool, or sputum, used for analysis and diagnosis
Stoma
An artificial opening in the body
Suppository
A medication given rectally to cause a bowel movement
Tissues
A group of cells that performs similar tasks
Ulcerative colitis
A chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine
Ureterostomy
A type of urostomy in which a surgical creation of an opening from the ureter through the abdomen is made for urine to be eliminated
Urostomy
The general term used for any surgical procedure that diverts the passage of urine by redirecting the ureters
What are the ten systems that make up the human body?
1) gastrointestinal or digestive
2) urinary
3) reproductive
4) integumentary or skin
5) circulatory or cardiovascular
6) respiratory
7) musculoskeletal
8) nervous
9) endocrine
10) immune and lymphatic
What is homeostasis?
The condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working at their best. Keeping body temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, regardless of how cold or hot it is outside is an example of homeostasis.
Important points about the gastrointestinal or digestive system
1) digestion prepares food for absorption into cells
2) elimination is expelling solid wastes
What are the functions of the gastrointestinal system?
1) ingestion of food and fluids
2) digestion of food
3) absorption of nutrients
4) elimination of waste products form food/fluids
Changes in the gastrointestinal system due to aging
1) ability to taste decreases
2) process of digestion takes longer and is less efficient
3) body waste moves more slowly through the intestines,causing more frequent constipation
4) difficultly chewing and swallowing may occur
5) absorption of vitamins and minerals decreases
6) production of saliva and digestive fluids decreases
Important points about normal bowel elimination
1) stool is normally brown , soft, moist, and formed
2) there should be no pain with passing stool
3) there should not be blood, pus, mucus, or worms in the stool
List the signs and symptoms to report about stools
1) bloody or abnormally colored stool
2) hard, dry stools
3) diarrhea
4) constipation
5) pain with bowel movements
6) blood, pus, mucus, or discharge in stool
7) fecal incontinence
List the factors that affect elimination
1) growth and development
2) psychological factors
3) diet
4) fluid intake
5) physical activity and exercise
6) personal habits
7) medications