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CNA > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

Four-chambered pump that is responsible for the flow of blood in the body

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2
Q

Atria

A

The upper two chambers of the heart

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3
Q

Ventricles

A

The lower two chambers of the heart

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4
Q

Systole

A

Phase where the heart is at work, contracting and pushing blood out of the left ventricle

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5
Q

Diastole

A

Phase when the heart muscle relaxes

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6
Q

Artery

A

Vessel that carries blood to the heart

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7
Q

Points about the circulatory system

A

Made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood
White blood cells protect the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
Plasma, the liquid portion of the blood, carries nutrients, waste products, hormones, salts, antibodies, and the substance necessary for the blood to clot

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8
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pumps blood through blood vessels to every cell in the body

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9
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, salts, and antibodies to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells
Controls pH level and body temperature
Clots and fights pathogens and poisons

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10
Q

Normal changes of aging in the circulatory system

A

Heart pumps less efficiently
Blood vessels narrow and become less efficient
Blood vessels become less elastic
Blood flow decreases

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11
Q

Occlusion

A

A complete obstruction of a blood vessel

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12
Q

Ischemia

A

A lack of blood supply to an area

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13
Q

Points about hypertension

A

Causes: hardening and narrowing of blood vessels, kidney disease, adrenal tumors, pregnancy, stress, pain, or medication
Prehypertension means that a person does not have hypertension now, but it is likely to in the future
Can lead to MI, CVA, kidney disease, or blindness
Treatment: medication, including diuretics; exercise program; diet; stopping smoking; lowering stress levels

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14
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

A condition in which the coronary arteries become damaged and narrow over time, causing chest pain and other symptoms

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15
Q

Myocardial ischemia

A

A condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood and lacks oxygen; can cause angina pectoris

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16
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Chest pain, pressure, discomfort

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17
Q

Stable angina

A

Chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress

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18
Q

Unstable angina

A

Chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself

19
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Medication that relaxes the walls of the coronary arteries

20
Q

Points to remember about coronary artery disease

A

Cause: vessels in coronary arteries narrow after build-up of arterial plaque, reducing blood to the heart
Symptom: angina pectoris

21
Q

Care guideline for angina

A

Reduce stress
Notify the nurse immediately if the resident needs help taking his prescribed medication
Make sure resident gets enough rest
Resident should avoid big meals
Encourage resident to follow exercise plan
Resident may need to avoid hot, humid weather
Encourage residents who are quitting smoking

22
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A weakening of the heart muscle due to enlargement or thickening, which reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively

23
Q

Points about cardiomyopathy

A

Causes: extensive CAD, heart muscle that no longer pumps effectively, virus, diabetes, thyroid problems, drug and alcohol use, birth defect, or unknown cause
Most common reason for heart transplants

24
Q

Points about myocardial infarctions

A

Cause: block of blood flow to heart muscle

25
Q

Components of cardiac rehabilitation

A

Low-cholesterol, low fat, low sodium diet
Regular exercise program
Medication to regulate heart rate and blood pressure
Blood testing
Stopping smoking
Avoid of cold temperatures
Stress management program

26
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

A condition in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do mot have enough blood circulation

27
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of the veins in the lower extremities

28
Q

Anti-embolus stockings

A

Special stockings used to help prevent swelling and blood clots and Aid circulation; also called elastic stockings

29
Q

Points about peripheral vascular disease

A

Causes: build up of arterial plaque over time, reduction in cardiac output, phlebitis
Most common rule is peripheral arterial disease
Symptoms: cramping in hips, thighs. Legs, or calves, cyanotic hands or feet, bluish nailbeds, arms, and/or legs that are cool to the touch, edema in hands or feet, ulcers on legs or feet, or gangrene

30
Q

Points about peripheral vascular disease

A

Report: complaints of pain or change in hands, legs, or feet. Change in vital signs, increased edema, weight gain, I&O change. Headache inability to see clearly, discomfort in head, neck, jaw, shoulder, chest, or back. Disorientation, dizziness or confusion
Treatment: fluid restrictions or special diets, quitting smoking, anti-embolic stockings

31
Q

Sequential compression device

A

A plastic, air-filled sleeve that is placed around the leg and inflates and deflates regularly to help improve circulation, reduce fluid build-up, and prevent blood clots

32
Q

Points about sequential compression devices

A

Used to improve circulation and prevent blood clots
Applied during or after surgery
Report damaged equipment to nurse

33
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

A condition in which the heart is damaged and fails to pump efficiently

34
Q

Orthopnea

A

Shortness of breath when lying down that is relieved by sitting up

35
Q

Points about CHF

A

Cause: failure of heart muscle to pump effectively due to damage
Symptoms: fatigue, reduction inability to be active, dyspnea, orthopnea, increased pulse, irregular heartbeat, chest pain, dizziness, confusion, weight gain, lack of appetite, edema, abdominal distention or pain, increased irritation.
Symptoms associated with each side of the heart: left-sided failure: fatigue, orthopnea, coughing, rapid pulse, and weight gain

36
Q

Points about CHF

A

Right-sided failure: fatigue, weakness, edema of the extremities (especially the ankles), bulging neck veins, irregular heartbeat, and fainting
Treatment: medication, care plan that includes rest

37
Q

Guidelines for CHF

A 
Follow orders for activity and exercise
Measure daily weight and I&O
Encourage resident to follow fluid and diet orders
Use social stockings, as ordered
Provide extra pillow in bed
Assist with ADLs
38
Q

Guidelines for CHF

A

Assist with ROM exercises
Report changes in activity levels, fatigue, dizziness, infusion, or fainting, increased respiratory rate, pulse, or blood pressure. Irregular heartbeat, palpitations, chest tightness or chest pain, dyspnea, coughing, wheezing, lack of appetite, abdominal swelling or pain, edema, bulging neck veins, weight gain from fluid retention, and change in urinary output

39
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

A condition in which there is an accusation of fluid in the lungs; usually due to heart failure

40
Q

Points about pulmonary edema

A

Cause: buildup of fluid in the lungs
Symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, gurgling when breathing, anxiety, restlessness
Emergency treatment is necessary

41
Q

Anemia

A

A condition in which the amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body is less than normal

42
Q

Hypoxia

A

A condition in which the body does not receive enough oxygen

43
Q

Points about anemia

A

Cause: amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the body is less than normal
Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, pale skin, problems with the tongue, brittle nails, difficulty concentrating
Treatment for iron-deficiency anemia: diet of foods rich in iron, vitamins, iron supplements, and methods to treat constipation that can occur

CNA (17 decks)

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