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Neuro 3610 > Chapter 21 - Space > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Space Flashcards

1
Q

Define spatial behaviour

A

all behaviours we use to guide our bodies through space

can be cognitive or physical

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2
Q

How does space change as you age

A

space is huge as a baby
starts to decrease as you become an adult
travel makes concept of space change

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3
Q

What are the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams of space

A

dorsal = action system/movement
ventral = perceptual system

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4
Q

What are the 4 subspaces of space

A
  1. body space = body’s surface
  2. grasping space = immediately surrounding the body
  3. distal space = travelling space
  4. time space = dimension of past, present, future
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5
Q

Explain the idea of a cognitive map

A

general idea that cognitive space is a place, therefore a map is needed to find things in it

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6
Q

Explain the development of spatial ability

A

cellophane analogy
expands as you age, then at old age it starts to contract
seniors hit things with their cart because their area of space has decreased

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7
Q

What is the spatial behaviour of route following

A

following a trail or moving toward an object/cue

ex. tall building as a cue for route following, migrating salmon with odour

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8
Q

What is the spatial behaviour of piloting

A

finding your way by using several landmarks or cues. a single clue/landmark is not enough. need to rely on how they all connect

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9
Q

Explain how the Morris water task relates to piloting

A

requires the animal to learn the location of a visible or hidden platform. Spatial relationships/cues are what help the rat find the platform

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10
Q

What information is learned about the brain during studies of comparing birds who cache their food and those who do not

A

hippocampus is larger in those that cache
(ex. hummingbirds have largest hippo, remember previously visited locations for food)

use distal spatial cues which requires the hippocampus

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11
Q

What is the spatial behaviour of dead reckoning

A

form of navigation that depends on cues generated by self-movement
ability to use a starting point, monitor its speed, direction, and travel time to locate itself at any point and to return to the starting point

hippocampus also contributes

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12
Q

Explain the test of spatial memory task

A

originally asked to say the price value of 16 objects, then all objects moved and then asked to indicate where they were

right temporal damage group were very high

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13
Q

Define egocentric disorientation? Where is damage?

A

difficulty perceiving relative location of objects with respect to themselves
(ex. can’t tell how close an object is/reaching for an object)

posterior parietal cortex

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14
Q

Define heading disorientation? Where is damage?

A

no compass-like ability
no sense of direction even though they recognize landmarks

posterior cingulate

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15
Q

Define landmark agnosia? Where is damage?

A

deficit in using/learning landmarks, even though they recognize them

lingual gyrus

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16
Q

Define anterograde disorientation? Where is damage?

A

deficit in NEW spatial learning, old is intact
unable to learn unfamiliar objects

para hippocampal region

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17
Q

Define spatial distortion? Where is damage?

A

spatial mapping or memory problem

hippocampus

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18
Q

Explain disorders of body space

A

can’t say if been touched, lack of awareness of position and shape, exploration tactilely, agnosias

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19
Q

What is Balint’s syndrome

A

35 degrees to right, simultagnosia, disorder of reach, problems in following targets, deficits in reaching

bilateral damage to parietal cortex

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20
Q

Explain disorders of action space

A

L/R confusion, topographical disorientation, spatial thought

21
Q

Explain disorders of visuospatial exploration

A

displaced visual attention, inability to perceive multiple stimuli, inability to follow moving target

22
Q

What area in the brain is activated in taxi drivers while driving

A

posterior hippocampus
(right side is larger)
due to experience

23
Q

What is the price that taxi drivers pay to be good at navigation

A

smaller anterior hippocampus as posterior grows

24
Q

What are the key findings of the taxi driver

A
  1. increases in grey matter found in hippocampus
  2. right posterior hippocampus increase in size with more experience
  3. bus drivers dont experience hippocampus changes
  4. as posterior hippocampus size increases, anterior decreases
25
Q

What are the 4 things needed if you were trying to build a spatial system

A

need to know:
1. where objects are relative to you
2. where you are
3. ongoing memory of where you are
4. reafference system

26
Q

What are the 4 classes of spatially related cells in the hippocampal formation

A

place cell
place-by-direction cell
head-direction cell
grid cell

27
Q

Define place cells and their functions

A

maintain activity in the dark, they form quickly, new place cells form with changes to enviro, linked to animal’s ability to move

28
Q

Location and function of place cells

A

hippocampus
navigation based on relationships between environmental cues, where things are in the world

29
Q

Define place-by-direction cells and their functions

A

encode not only location, but also direction and speed of movement

30
Q

Location and function of head direction cells

A

Posterior cingulate cortex

navigation of relationship of own spatial position where ourselves are

31
Q

Define head direction cells and their functions

A

discharge when points its head in a particular direction, no relation to if it is moving, environment dependent, part of a network in every enviro

32
Q

Define grid cells and their functions

A

divide environment into a grid, oriented to environmental cues and direction animal is facing

33
Q

Location and function of grid cells

A

spatial framework indicating size of a space and location

entorhinal cortex

34
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome

A

disorder found in females born with 45 chromosomes instead of 46

display spatial difficulties

damage in neural organization of parietal cortex

35
Q

Who is case J.N
where is the damage

A

lifelong impairment in topographical orientation,
did poorly on spatial tasks of navigation and mental rotation

retrosplenial cortex in JN had no connections to parahippocampal regions

36
Q

What is Scene Selection Theory

A

idea that the hippocampus not only functions for navigation but also assembles spatially coherent scenes from information from the neocortex

37
Q

What are the four components of a spatially coherent scene

A

navigation, episodic memory, imagining, and future thinking

38
Q

What areas assemble spatially coherent scenes

A

hippocampus assembles scenes from information in the cortex

39
Q

What is theory of mind

A

ability to attribute mental states (desires, beliefs, intentions, knowledge) to ourselves and others to understand that others experience similar states

40
Q

How does theory of mind change for individuals with no hippocampus

A

they have theory of mind, but is generic and based on semantic knowledge

with no hippocampus, the story task was similar to both familiar and unfamiliar people and generic

with hippocampus, stories with familiar people had more detail because of use of episodic memory

41
Q

Distinguish between position, cue, and place responses

A
42
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in space

A

formation of cognitive maps, stores episodic spatial memories, contains place cells, path integration

43
Q

What is contralateral neglect

A

person fails to attend/respond to stimuli on one side of their body/environment

44
Q

How does contralateral neglect relate to the role of the right hemisphere in space?

A

RH role in processing spatial information to both sides of the environment, damage results in severe deficits to attention to the left side

45
Q

What does cognitive neglect mean

A

failure to attend/process/mentally represent information on one side of space internally in the cognitive world

46
Q

What factors contribute to individual differences in spatial abilities

A

evolutionary explanation = males hunt, women gather

sex, hormones, genetics, environment influences

47
Q

What is location value? What lesions affect this?

A
48
Q

What is developmental topographical disorientation

A

get frequently lost
inability to segregate landmarks, generate mental map, navigation information

49
Q

What is the boundary expansion phenomenon

A

patients with hippocampal damage draw the basketball more accurate because they don’t take previous memories and background information into account whereas controls do

Neuro 3610 (15 decks)

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