Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro 3610 > Chapter 18 - Memory Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Memory Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Clive Wearing

A

most severe amnesia ever reported
viral infection that led to significant hippocampus damage
resulted in anterograde and retrograde amnesia
only remembered his wife and knowing how to play piano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Sir Henry Bartlett’s novel idea about the nature of memory

A

On remembering

memory is a reconstructive process rather than simple passive recall

when we remember, we don’t retrieve an exact copy but rather construct a gist

therefore we make errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 5 types of amnesia

A
  1. anterograde vs. retrograde
  2. traumatic brain injury
  3. transient global amnesia
  4. childhood amnesia
  5. amnesia related to different diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

A

inability to acquire new memories after injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is transient global amnesia

A

sudden temporary episode of memory loss
unable to form new memories and recall old (both RA and AA), long term memories remain intact

caused by blood flow issue in memory related areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Distinguish between prospective amnesia and destination amnesia

A

prospective = memory for things one intends to do (ex. attending a class)

destination = memory of our past interactions (ex. forgetting who we told a story to)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define childhood amnesia

A

inability to remember events from the first 4 years, and recall of few between ages 7-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 2 possible causes of childhood amnesia

A
  1. an orderly maturation of memory systems

implicit, emotional, and explicit (semantic and then episodic), followed by maturation of other cognitive systems

  1. brain deletes memories to make room for new ones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 theories of memory

A
  1. Consolidation Theory
  2. Reconsolidation Theory
  3. Multiple Trace Theory
  4. Trace Transformation Theory of Memory
  5. Scene Selection Theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the consolidation theory

A

The hippocampus consolidates new memories and makes them permanent and then they are moved and stored in a different location in the neocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the reconsolidation theory

A

Every time a memory is recalled, it becomes temporarily unstable and susceptible to modification before stabilized again.

results in memories changing over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the multiple trace theory

A

idea that there are a number of different kinds of memories, each dependent on different neural structures
1. autobiographical
2. factual semantic
3. general semantic (language)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 main points for the memory trace theory

A
  1. memories are stored in parallel, but in different regions
  2. memories change over time (older memories can become facts)
  3. different kinds of memories are susceptible to different brain injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is trace transformation theory of memory

A

memories of events are richly represented (in posterior HPC)

preserves only the gist of the memory when transferred to the anterior HPC

moved to PFC that houses similar memories together and begin to blur together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define scene selection theory

A

people don’t remember everything about an event, instead selectively attend to certain relevant ideas

HPC creates memories by assembling neocortical elements into spatially coherent scenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When does consolidation occur

A

occurs during sleep
when awake: HPC receives and then sends to the cerebral cortex in low frequency and reverse in high frequency

when asleep: cerebral cortex is the receiver and sends low frequency to HPC and HPC sends high frequency to consolidate into long term to cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Maguire’s study demonstrate for the vmPFC-HPC pathway

A

this pathway is involved in episodic memory transforming to semantic

HPC initially encodes episodic memories while vmPFC abstracts and integrates memories into general knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Maguire’s study imply about memory stage

A

it is not a static process, important pathway in both spatial and autobiographical memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define explicit memory

A

conscious memory

intentional, remembering of events, facts, and personal experiences

receiving an item and indicates they know the item

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define implicit memory

A

nonconscious and nonintentional memory of learned skills, conditioned reactions, and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define emotional memory

A

ability to recall experiences that are associated with strong emotional reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline the neural model in explicit memory

A

from brainstem to cortex systems
goes to medial thalamus, temporal lobe structures, and sensory and motor information

another circuit prefrontal cortex - medial thalamus - temporal lobe structures

sensory and motor info to rest of cortex
then to temporal lobe structures both ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Outline the neural model in implicit memory

A

sensory and motor info into neocortex -> into basal ganglia

substantia nigra dopamine into basal ganglia -> ventral thalamus -> premotor cortex

25
Outline the neural model in emotional memory
amygdala to Hypothalamus and PAG< medial temporal cortex, basal ganglia (all back to amygdala) hypothalamus to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices
26
Distinguish between episodic and semantic memory
episodic = memory of life experiences and specific events, autobiographical, fast decaying, unique, connected to time, place, events, reconstructive, autonoetic knowing (move around in time) semantic = memory of world knowledge and facts, nonautobiographical, independent of time, place, slow decaying
27
What are the key structures involved in explicit memory
basal forebrain thalamus neocortex PFC rhinal cortex HPC
28
What are the key structures involved in implicit memory
amygdala basal ganglia premotor cortex thalamus substantia nigra cerebellum
29
What are the key structures involved in emotional memory
amygdala hypothalamus
30
What is H.M's memory story
had severe seizures and bicycle accident had surgery to remove hippocampus bilaterally (which has never been done before) successful for seizures, but developed anterograde amnesia retained his working memory
31
How do H.M.'s and K.C's symptoms differ
Both have severe AA, KC semantic amnesia was less impacted than HM both have RA, but HM not as severe in episodic domain
32
What is a priming task
experiment stimulus is used to sensitize NS to a later presentation of same or similar stimuli ex. given complete list of words later given first 3 letters of words task is to complete each incomplete word
33
How does a priming task relate to memory
relates to implicit memory (semantic/procedural memory) = unconscious awareness amnesia patients perform as well as control group, even though they don't remember the first stimuli, they unconsciously activate and store in the brain
34
What is the role of temporal cortex in memory
declarative memory (episodic and semantic) memory formation - initial encoding, hippocampus integrates sensory information to form new memories stabilization and integration of memory consolidation retrieve stored semantic and episodic memories
35
What is the role of the PFC in memory
working memory (and STM) - temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks facilitates selective attention integrates working memory and cognitive functions to evaluate options and guide behaviour and choice
36
What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex in memory
spatial working memory - temporarily hold and manipulate information about location and arrangement integrates various sensory information attention focus for effective encoding storage and retrieval of visual memories
37
What is diencephalic amnesia
damage to the diencephalon (thalamus and mammillary bodies) severe AA, some RA (specifically just before injury), retain STM and PM most commonly caused by Korsakoff's
38
Who is case N.A.
fencing foil up the nose into medial thalamus diencephalic amnesia - AA, some RA
39
What are the causes of Korsakoff's disease
thiamine deficiency from alcohol most commonly affecting thalamus and mammillary bodies within diencephalon
40
What are the symptoms of Korsakoff's disease
AA and RA confabulation (making up memories unconsciously to fill in the blanks) lack of insight apathy NORMAL IQ
41
What is the role of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex in memory
both = declarative episodic and semantic perirhinal = recognition and representation of objects entorhinal = integrate information with spatial and contextual information
42
What is the role of the basal forebrain in memory
produces acetylcholine - modulates synaptic plasticity that enhances encoding and synaptic connections of memory declarative and non-declarative (processing memory)
43
What are the 4 likely causes of Alzheimers disease
1. loss of cells in basal forebrain 2. development of neuritic plaques made from amyloid (misfolded proteins) 3. cumulative affect of small cerebral bleeds (related to chronic high blood pressure) 4. diabetes of the brain (insulin drop, inflammation)
44
What type of changes in the brain might account for memory
45
What is the story of S
amazing semantic memory tested by memorizing table of letters, 16 years later could repeat the table he visualized stimuli, experienced synesthesia (perceiving one sensation as another), used image association
46
What price did S pay for such a good memory
person with little aim in life, dull, superficial, unable to reason, categorize, little ability to use metaphors (only literally)
47
What is consolidation and what does it have to do with amnesia
STM transformed into stable LTM disruption of consolidation linked to AA and/or RA hippocampus is central to consolidation process and primary cause of amnesia
48
What is the role of the medial temporal (what regions does it include) regions in memory
includes hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus declarative memory (episodic and semantic) - encoding, integrating, consolidation, retrieval
49
What are the 4 conclusions that we reached in class about the effect of HPC function after injury
50
What are the symptoms of early hippocampal injury
no topographical memory no object location memory no date/time of memory no memory of past or idea of future
51
How is it that children with early hippocampal injuries do okay in school
normal IQ (read, talk) able to use other systems that they grew up with, still have functional semantic memory, but not episodic
52
What cortical regions are involved in short-term memory
PFC - most crucial for working memory parietal cortex - spatial working memory temporal cortex - processing and storying auditory and visual stimuli cingulate cortex - monitoring cognitive processes hippocampus - integrate new with existing info
53
What neurological diseases affect long term memory
1. Alzheimer's disease - episodic and semantic memory 2. Korsakoff's disease - severe AA and RA 3. TBI - lead to AA and/or RA
54
What is highly superior autobiographical memory
ability to recall autobiographical, detailed and accurate memories of personal experiences as specific as exact date did not use any memorization strategies structural differences in caudate nucleus and temporal lobe
55
What is mnemonist
individual with exceptional memory skills that use various strategies to enhance memory and recall
56
What is anomia
type of language disorder, inability to name objects, places, or people. damage to language processing areas
57
Distinguish between conscious and unconscious memory
conscious = memories that are actively recalled and accessible to awareness unconscious = memories that are not accessible to conscious awareness but still influence thoughts, behaviours, and emotions
58
what regions are involved in short-term memory
PFC hippocampus parietal lobe temporal lobe basal ganglia cerebellum

Neuro 3610 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions