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Neuro 3610 > Chapter 18 - Memory Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Memory Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Clive Wearing

A

most severe amnesia ever reported
viral infection that led to significant hippocampus damage
resulted in anterograde and retrograde amnesia
only remembered his wife and knowing how to play piano

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2
Q

What was Sir Henry Bartlett’s novel idea about the nature of memory

A

On remembering

memory is a reconstructive process rather than simple passive recall

when we remember, we don’t retrieve an exact copy but rather construct a gist

therefore we make errors

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3
Q

What are the 5 types of amnesia

A
  1. anterograde vs. retrograde
  2. traumatic brain injury
  3. transient global amnesia
  4. childhood amnesia
  5. amnesia related to different diseases
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4
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

A

inability to acquire new memories after injury

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5
Q

Define retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember events that took place before the onset of amnesia

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6
Q

What is transient global amnesia

A

sudden temporary episode of memory loss
unable to form new memories and recall old (both RA and AA), long term memories remain intact

caused by blood flow issue in memory related areas

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7
Q

Distinguish between prospective amnesia and destination amnesia

A

prospective = memory for things one intends to do (ex. attending a class)

destination = memory of our past interactions (ex. forgetting who we told a story to)

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8
Q

Define childhood amnesia

A

inability to remember events from the first 4 years, and recall of few between ages 7-11

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9
Q

What are 2 possible causes of childhood amnesia

A
  1. an orderly maturation of memory systems

implicit, emotional, and explicit (semantic and then episodic), followed by maturation of other cognitive systems

  1. brain deletes memories to make room for new ones
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10
Q

What are the 5 theories of memory

A
  1. Consolidation Theory
  2. Reconsolidation Theory
  3. Multiple Trace Theory
  4. Trace Transformation Theory of Memory
  5. Scene Selection Theory
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11
Q

Explain the consolidation theory

A

The hippocampus consolidates new memories and makes them permanent and then they are moved and stored in a different location in the neocortex

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12
Q

Explain the reconsolidation theory

A

Every time a memory is recalled, it becomes temporarily unstable and susceptible to modification before stabilized again.

results in memories changing over time

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13
Q

Explain the multiple trace theory

A

idea that there are a number of different kinds of memories, each dependent on different neural structures
1. autobiographical
2. factual semantic
3. general semantic (language)

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14
Q

What are the 3 main points for the memory trace theory

A
  1. memories are stored in parallel, but in different regions
  2. memories change over time (older memories can become facts)
  3. different kinds of memories are susceptible to different brain injuries
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15
Q

What is trace transformation theory of memory

A

memories of events are richly represented (in posterior HPC)

preserves only the gist of the memory when transferred to the anterior HPC

moved to PFC that houses similar memories together and begin to blur together

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16
Q

Define scene selection theory

A

people don’t remember everything about an event, instead selectively attend to certain relevant ideas

HPC creates memories by assembling neocortical elements into spatially coherent scenes

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17
Q

When does consolidation occur

A

occurs during sleep
when awake: HPC receives and then sends to the cerebral cortex in low frequency and reverse in high frequency

when asleep: cerebral cortex is the receiver and sends low frequency to HPC and HPC sends high frequency to consolidate into long term to cerebral cortex

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18
Q

What did Maguire’s study demonstrate for the vmPFC-HPC pathway

A

this pathway is involved in episodic memory transforming to semantic

HPC initially encodes episodic memories while vmPFC abstracts and integrates memories into general knowledge

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19
Q

What does Maguire’s study imply about memory stage

A

it is not a static process, important pathway in both spatial and autobiographical memory

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20
Q

Define explicit memory

A

conscious memory

intentional, remembering of events, facts, and personal experiences

receiving an item and indicates they know the item

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21
Q

Define implicit memory

A

nonconscious and nonintentional memory of learned skills, conditioned reactions, and events

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22
Q

Define emotional memory

A

ability to recall experiences that are associated with strong emotional reactions

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23
Q

Outline the neural model in explicit memory

A

from brainstem to cortex systems
goes to medial thalamus, temporal lobe structures, and sensory and motor information

another circuit prefrontal cortex - medial thalamus - temporal lobe structures

sensory and motor info to rest of cortex
then to temporal lobe structures both ways

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24
Q

Outline the neural model in implicit memory

A

sensory and motor info into neocortex -> into basal ganglia

substantia nigra dopamine into basal ganglia -> ventral thalamus -> premotor cortex

25
Q

Outline the neural model in emotional memory

A

amygdala to Hypothalamus and PAG< medial temporal cortex, basal ganglia (all back to amygdala)

hypothalamus to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices

26
Q

Distinguish between episodic and semantic memory

A

episodic = memory of life experiences and specific events, autobiographical, fast decaying, unique, connected to time, place, events, reconstructive, autonoetic knowing (move around in time)

semantic = memory of world knowledge and facts, nonautobiographical, independent of time, place, slow decaying

27
Q

What are the key structures involved in explicit memory

A

basal forebrain
thalamus
neocortex
PFC
rhinal cortex
HPC

28
Q

What are the key structures involved in implicit memory

A

amygdala
basal ganglia
premotor cortex
thalamus
substantia nigra
cerebellum

29
Q

What are the key structures involved in emotional memory

A

amygdala
hypothalamus

30
Q

What is H.M’s memory story

A

had severe seizures and bicycle accident
had surgery to remove hippocampus bilaterally (which has never been done before)
successful for seizures, but developed anterograde amnesia
retained his working memory

31
Q

How do H.M.’s and K.C’s symptoms differ

A

Both have severe AA, KC semantic amnesia was less impacted than HM
both have RA, but HM not as severe in episodic domain

32
Q

What is a priming task

A

experiment stimulus is used to sensitize NS to a later presentation of same or similar stimuli

ex. given complete list of words
later given first 3 letters of words
task is to complete each incomplete word

33
Q

How does a priming task relate to memory

A

relates to implicit memory (semantic/procedural memory) = unconscious awareness

amnesia patients perform as well as control group, even though they don’t remember the first stimuli, they unconsciously activate and store in the brain

34
Q

What is the role of temporal cortex in memory

A

declarative memory (episodic and semantic)

memory formation - initial encoding, hippocampus integrates sensory information to form new memories

stabilization and integration of memory consolidation

retrieve stored semantic and episodic memories

35
Q

What is the role of the PFC in memory

A

working memory (and STM) - temporary storage and manipulation of information for cognitive tasks

facilitates selective attention

integrates working memory and cognitive functions to evaluate options and guide behaviour and choice

36
Q

What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex in memory

A

spatial working memory - temporarily hold and manipulate information about location and arrangement

integrates various sensory information

attention focus for effective encoding

storage and retrieval of visual memories

37
Q

What is diencephalic amnesia

A

damage to the diencephalon (thalamus and mammillary bodies)

severe AA, some RA (specifically just before injury), retain STM and PM

most commonly caused by Korsakoff’s

38
Q

Who is case N.A.

A

fencing foil up the nose into medial thalamus
diencephalic amnesia - AA, some RA

39
Q

What are the causes of Korsakoff’s disease

A

thiamine deficiency from alcohol most commonly affecting thalamus and mammillary bodies within diencephalon

40
Q

What are the symptoms of Korsakoff’s disease

A

AA and RA
confabulation (making up memories unconsciously to fill in the blanks)
lack of insight
apathy
NORMAL IQ

41
Q

What is the role of the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex in memory

A

both = declarative episodic and semantic

perirhinal = recognition and representation of objects

entorhinal = integrate information with spatial and contextual information

42
Q

What is the role of the basal forebrain in memory

A

produces acetylcholine - modulates synaptic plasticity that enhances encoding and synaptic connections of memory

declarative and non-declarative (processing memory)

43
Q

What are the 4 likely causes of Alzheimers disease

A
  1. loss of cells in basal forebrain
  2. development of neuritic plaques made from amyloid (misfolded proteins)
  3. cumulative affect of small cerebral bleeds (related to chronic high blood pressure)
  4. diabetes of the brain (insulin drop, inflammation)
44
Q

What type of changes in the brain might account for memory

A
45
Q

What is the story of S

A

amazing semantic memory
tested by memorizing table of letters, 16 years later could repeat the table
he visualized stimuli, experienced synesthesia (perceiving one sensation as another), used image association

46
Q

What price did S pay for such a good memory

A

person with little aim in life, dull, superficial, unable to reason, categorize, little ability to use metaphors (only literally)

47
Q

What is consolidation and what does it have to do with amnesia

A

STM transformed into stable LTM

disruption of consolidation linked to AA and/or RA

hippocampus is central to consolidation process and primary cause of amnesia

48
Q

What is the role of the medial temporal (what regions does it include) regions in memory

A

includes hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus

declarative memory (episodic and semantic) - encoding, integrating, consolidation, retrieval

49
Q

What are the 4 conclusions that we reached in class about the effect of HPC function after injury

A
50
Q

What are the symptoms of early hippocampal injury

A

no topographical memory
no object location memory
no date/time of memory
no memory of past or idea of future

51
Q

How is it that children with early hippocampal injuries do okay in school

A

normal IQ (read, talk)
able to use other systems that they grew up with, still have functional semantic memory, but not episodic

52
Q

What cortical regions are involved in short-term memory

A

PFC - most crucial for working memory
parietal cortex - spatial working memory
temporal cortex - processing and storying auditory and visual stimuli
cingulate cortex - monitoring cognitive processes
hippocampus - integrate new with existing info

53
Q

What neurological diseases affect long term memory

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease - episodic and semantic memory
  2. Korsakoff’s disease - severe AA and RA
  3. TBI - lead to AA and/or RA
54
Q

What is highly superior autobiographical memory

A

ability to recall autobiographical, detailed and accurate memories of personal experiences as specific as exact date
did not use any memorization strategies

structural differences in caudate nucleus and temporal lobe

55
Q

What is mnemonist

A

individual with exceptional memory skills that use various strategies to enhance memory and recall

56
Q

What is anomia

A

type of language disorder, inability to name objects, places, or people.
damage to language processing areas

57
Q

Distinguish between conscious and unconscious memory

A

conscious = memories that are actively recalled and accessible to awareness

unconscious = memories that are not accessible to conscious awareness but still influence thoughts, behaviours, and emotions

58
Q

what regions are involved in short-term memory

A

PFC
hippocampus
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
basal ganglia
cerebellum

Neuro 3610 (15 decks)

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