Chapter 10 - Cerebral Organization Study Guide Flashcards
How little brain can you get along with and live to adulthood
What is the general history of the localization vs nonlocalization of function
Who were the major historical figures in each camp
What is a hemispherectomy
surgical procedure, removing one cerebral hemisphere
Why would a hemispherectomy be done
performed to treat severe epilepsy
What are cortical maps
representations of the brain’s cortical regions that illustrate how different areas of the cortex respond to specific inputs
What is Jerison’s idea about maps and intelligence
What are multimodal maps
map representations in the brain that integrate information from multiple sensory modalities into a cohesive neural framework
What are the 2 types of cortical neurons
excitatory neurons = promote signal transmission, facilitate communication between cortical areas
inhibitory neurons = regulate excitatory neural circuits, maintain balance between excitation and inhibition
Are cortical layers the same everywhere across the brain? If not, where do they differ?
are not uniform
differs = number of layers, layer composition, regional specialization
What is a cortical column
fundamental organizational unit of cerebral cortex consisting of vertical arrangements of neurons that extend through the cortical layers
What is the binding problem
challenge of how the brain integrates various pieces of sensory and motor information together into a unified perception or behaviour
How can the binding problem be solved
3 possible solutions
1. high-order cortical center = hypothetical area that could integrate sensory inputs from different regions into a single perception (but this area doesn’t exist)
2. interconnected cortical areas = suggests different cortical areas might share information, but not all areas are interconnected
3. intracortical networks = neurons in same area can connect and synchronize their activity, reentry enables feedback loops that enhance coordination
Compare Luria’s and Felleman & van Essen’s models of cortical organization
Luria = 3 unit system of the brain
1. state capable of processing information
2. sensory unit to recieve information
3. frontal lobe planning and decision making
Van Essen’s hieracrchical network organization
cortex organized into multiple levels getting more complex
information is feedforward and feedback
different streams processed simultaneously in parallel pathways
What is the connectome
comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain
represents intricate web of interconnectedness
What is the default mode network
in a network of brain regions that show activity when someone is at rest
active during day dreaming, memory retrieval, self-referential thought
How does the default network differ across individuals
differs due to several factors, age, personality, mental health conditions, and cognitive abilities
strength of connections within the network can differ
genetic differences
What is a CT scan
uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body
What is an MRI
uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body
What is a fMRI
brain imaging technique that measures and maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen levels
What is a DTI scan
diffusion tensor imaging
advanced MRI, maps the diffusion of water molecules in the brain to visualize orientation and integrity of white matter tracts
What is a PET scan
imaging test that uses small amount of radioactive material to visualize and measure metabolic processes in the body/brain
what is special about the human brain anatomy
size and complexity
highly folded cerebral cortex
language centers
social brain of the amygdala and PFC
high plasticity
extensive connections
How do bird brains differ from mammalian brains (generally)
birds lacks cerebral cortex, so instead birds have distinct clusters of neurons for different functions
