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Neuro 3610 > Chapter 10 - Cerebral Organization Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Cerebral Organization Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

How little brain can you get along with and live to adulthood

A
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2
Q

What is the general history of the localization vs nonlocalization of function

A
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3
Q

Who were the major historical figures in each camp

A
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4
Q

What is a hemispherectomy

A

surgical procedure, removing one cerebral hemisphere

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5
Q

Why would a hemispherectomy be done

A

performed to treat severe epilepsy

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6
Q

What are cortical maps

A

representations of the brain’s cortical regions that illustrate how different areas of the cortex respond to specific inputs

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7
Q

What is Jerison’s idea about maps and intelligence

A
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8
Q

What are multimodal maps

A

map representations in the brain that integrate information from multiple sensory modalities into a cohesive neural framework

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of cortical neurons

A

excitatory neurons = promote signal transmission, facilitate communication between cortical areas
inhibitory neurons = regulate excitatory neural circuits, maintain balance between excitation and inhibition

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10
Q

Are cortical layers the same everywhere across the brain? If not, where do they differ?

A

are not uniform
differs = number of layers, layer composition, regional specialization

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11
Q

What is a cortical column

A

fundamental organizational unit of cerebral cortex consisting of vertical arrangements of neurons that extend through the cortical layers

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12
Q

What is the binding problem

A

challenge of how the brain integrates various pieces of sensory and motor information together into a unified perception or behaviour

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13
Q

How can the binding problem be solved

A

3 possible solutions
1. high-order cortical center = hypothetical area that could integrate sensory inputs from different regions into a single perception (but this area doesn’t exist)
2. interconnected cortical areas = suggests different cortical areas might share information, but not all areas are interconnected
3. intracortical networks = neurons in same area can connect and synchronize their activity, reentry enables feedback loops that enhance coordination

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14
Q

Compare Luria’s and Felleman & van Essen’s models of cortical organization

A

Luria = 3 unit system of the brain
1. state capable of processing information
2. sensory unit to recieve information
3. frontal lobe planning and decision making

Van Essen’s hieracrchical network organization
cortex organized into multiple levels getting more complex
information is feedforward and feedback
different streams processed simultaneously in parallel pathways

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15
Q

What is the connectome

A

comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain
represents intricate web of interconnectedness

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16
Q

What is the default mode network

A

in a network of brain regions that show activity when someone is at rest
active during day dreaming, memory retrieval, self-referential thought

17
Q

How does the default network differ across individuals

A

differs due to several factors, age, personality, mental health conditions, and cognitive abilities
strength of connections within the network can differ
genetic differences

18
Q

What is a CT scan

A

uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body

19
Q

What is an MRI

A

uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body

20
Q

What is a fMRI

A

brain imaging technique that measures and maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygen levels

21
Q

What is a DTI scan

A

diffusion tensor imaging
advanced MRI, maps the diffusion of water molecules in the brain to visualize orientation and integrity of white matter tracts

22
Q

What is a PET scan

A

imaging test that uses small amount of radioactive material to visualize and measure metabolic processes in the body/brain

23
Q

what is special about the human brain anatomy

A

size and complexity
highly folded cerebral cortex
language centers
social brain of the amygdala and PFC
high plasticity
extensive connections

24
Q

How do bird brains differ from mammalian brains (generally)

A

birds lacks cerebral cortex, so instead birds have distinct clusters of neurons for different functions

25
Q

What is cerebral fingerprinting

A

refers to idea that each individual has a unique pattern of brain activity

26
Q

Which network is most distinct in cerebral fingerprinting

A

default mode network
shows variability across individuals

27
Q

What is the EQ and what does it show

A

The encephalization quotient is a measure to estimate the relative brain size of an animal compared to what is expected for an animal of its size

28
Q

define decortication

A

removal or dysfunction of the cortex which is responsible for high cognitive functions

29
Q

define diencephalic animal

A

animal that has its cerebral cortex removed or severely damaged, leaving only diencephalon intact
higher-level cognition and voluntary control are impaired

30
Q

define dysphasia

A

language disorder resulting from damage to parts of the brain responsible for language, typically LH

31
Q

define neuropil

A

refers to dense network of interwoven nerve fibers found in the brain and spinal cord

32
Q

define nonspecific afferent

A

type of sensory nerve fiber that transmits general information to widespread areas of the brain rather than restricted to specific location

33
Q

define paralimbic cortex

A

region of the brain involved in emotional processing, memory, and regulation of autonomic functions
integrates emotional reponses and sensory information

34
Q

define pyramidal cells

A

type of excitatory neuron found in cerebral cortex and hippocampus
essential for transmitting information across different brain areas

35
Q

define specific afferent

A

type of sensory neurons that convey information about specific stimuli to the CNS, to SPECIFIC areas

36
Q

define spiny neurons

A

type of neuron characterized by presence of numerous small spines on their dendrites
critical role in neuron’s ability to process and integrate information

37
Q

define stellate cells

A

type of star-shaped neuron characterized by distinctive morphology
plays essential role in neural processing and connectivity

38
Q

define subcortical loops

A

neural pathways and circuits the connect subcortical structures to various cortical areas
facilitates communication and integration

39
Q

define theory of mind

A

the ability to understand that others have their own mind that may differ from your own
medial PFC
temporoparietal junction
STS

Neuro 3610 (15 decks)

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