Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro 3610 > Chapter 20: Emotion and the Social Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Emotion and the Social Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What was case J.P

A

difficult birth, problem child, only showed anger emotion, hyperactive, constantly wandered, abused by father, increasing criminal record

absent right frontal lobe, 50% left frontal lobe, still had Broca’s area so could speak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is J.P’s case different them someone who received a frontal lobotomy

A

J.Ps brain developed with no frontal lobe therefore is could adapt and have plasticity compared to it being removed later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How was the nature of emotion originally seen compared to how we view it now

A

originally seen as inconvenient remnant of our evolutionary past

now see emotion as unconscious cognitive process that contributes to logical thinking - is necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 components of nature of emotion

A
  1. physiological response
  2. motor response
  3. subjective response
  4. automatic response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 distinct dimensions to describe emotion

A
  1. unpleasant to pleasant
  2. not aroused to aroused
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was Darwin’s theory about emotion

A

saw emotion as a descent with modification

was short-lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are subjective feelings uniquely human?

A

suspect yes because they are verbal in our head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How did William and James view emotion in animals and humans compared to the modern view

A

william and james:
animals = emotional stimulus leads to behaviour and other responses
humans = added subjective feelings to above

modern:
animals = emotional stimulus then to central emotion state to behaviour
humans = emotional stimulus to central emotion state to BOTH behaviour and subjective feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Goltz attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

decorticated dogs still showed strong rage responses to situations that were calm

suggesting emotional responses might not exclusively be tied to cerebral cortex, emotion is subcortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Bard attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

worked with cats

found if hypothalamus intact then showed strong emotional responses, unemotional if diencephalon was disconnected.

showed that emotion depended on diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did James Papez attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

first to identify limbic system

limbic structures act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome and symptoms

A

removal of the temporal lobe bilaterally and also the amygdala.
No fear, odd diet, oral, visual agnosia, hypersexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Carlyle Jacobsen attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

studied chimps after frontal lobe removal

one chimp was more relaxed after surgery, Egas Moniz then proposed similar lesions in people might relieve various behavioural problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What has led to empathy in humans

A

reading novels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main challenge when looking for neural correlations of emotion

A

not sure if the behaviour is being produced because that area is gone or because the rest of the brain performs that behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Processing Emotional Stimuli?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structures does the modern view of the limbic system focus on compared to Papez original system

A

Papez focused on hippocampus and connections with the hypothalamus

modern view also now includes the amygdala and PFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the circuit of the limbic system

A

receives input to PFC
sent to cingulate cortex
then to amygdala and hippocampus
then to mamillary bodies to anterior thalamus
BACK to cingulate cortex

produces behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the key structures of the limbic circuit

A

PFC, cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus (mamillary bodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Although the entire limbic circuit is important to emotional behaviour, the ____ and _____ hold the key to _______ of emotional experiences

A

PFC
amygdala
understanding the nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is the orbitofrontal cortex considered especially important in emotion

A

learns which previously neutral stimuli are associated with positive and negative rewards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the functions of middle anterior OFC and vmPFC with emotion

A

middle anterior OFC = codes/subjective rates pleasantness
vmPFC = concerned with predicting the reward value than the pleasantness of the experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is dopamine not in the pleasure map

A

pleasure is actually related to opioids and cannabinoids

dopamine is actually related to anticipating and wanting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 general types of theories of emotion

A
  1. neuropsychological theories
  2. social-cognitive studies of emotions
25
Q

What did goldstein suggest about the asymmetry present in the effects of left and right hemisphere lesions on emotional behaviour

A

LH lesions produce catastrophic reactions characterized by fear and depression
RH produce indifference

26
Q

What area is damaged if there is a reduction in facial expressions

A

frontal lesions

27
Q

What area is damaged if there is a decrease/increase in spontaneous speech

A

decrease = left frontal lesions
increase = right frontal lobe lesions

28
Q

What area is damaged if someone’s tone/prosody of speech is impaired

A

RH lesions

29
Q

Define aprosodia

A

absence of tone in speech

30
Q

Define motor aprosodia and what area is damaged to cause it

A

inability to produce affective components of language
ex. people asked to read sentence with a certain emotion
lesion to LH region analogous to Broca’s area

31
Q

Define sensory aprosodia and what area is damaged to cause it

A

deficit in interpreting emotional components of language
ex. choose photo to match the tone of a recorded voice
lesions to RH region analogous to Wernicke’s area

32
Q

Why is there a decline in accuracy of prosody processing related to aging (2 reasons)

A
  1. hearing gets worse
  2. in general, have variety of deficits appearing that relate to RH function (ex. getting lost)
33
Q

What hemisphere is responsible for humour

A

study found, right frontal lesions most affected

34
Q

Are all facial expressions analyzed in the same region
use the amygdala as an example

A

NO, different areas understand different expressions

amygdala lesions impair understanding negative emotions, don’t impact happy emotions

35
Q

What are some examples of behaviours attributed to temporal-lobe epilepsy patients

A

altered sexual interest, anger, hypergraphia (extensive writing), religiosity

36
Q

What do social-cognitive theories of emotion focus on

A

noninvasive imaging

37
Q

Most theories agree that emotion is an…

A

that emotion is an interface between an organism and its environment that varies with context and experience

38
Q

What is the multicomponent emotion process model concluded by Scherer and Moores

A

event leads to multilevel appraisal leading to action, physiological response AND motor expression
all of this gets integrated which results in categorization and labelling

39
Q

What is Barrett’s theory of constructed emotion

A

brain’s primary purpose is to integrate all of the body’s resources to meet the organisms immediate needs in short term and for growth, survival, and reproduction in the long term

40
Q

Define allostasis

A

predictive process where the brain anticipates the bodies needs

41
Q

How do homeostasis and allostasis differ

A

homeostasis = process where the body resists changes to variables such as pH
allostasis = maintains internal stability amid constantly changing conditions

42
Q

Explain case S.M

A

bilateral amygdala lesions, genetic disorder affecting chromosome I, resulted in bilateral calcification of the amygdala, other brain regions related to emotion (vmPFC, insula, hypothalamus, brainstem) remain intact

showed no fear EVER basically, showed other emotions

43
Q

Why was patient S.M able to display fear and panic when inhaling CO2

A

the amygdala must normally inhibit panic but CO2 likely engages structures outside the amygdala to induce fear and panic instead

44
Q

What is Domasio’s somatic marker hypothesis

A

when a person is confronted with a stimulus important to their survival, the brain and body changes as a result

“physiological changes” = somatic marks (in this case)

45
Q

What is the Iowa Gambling Task

A

measures decision making
4 decks of cards - controls soon learn that 2 decks offer high immediate reward but larger losses later and the other 2 offer smaller rewards but fewer loses

vmPFC patients will choose first 2 decks

46
Q

What is the SCR and how does it relate to the Iowa Gambling Task

A

skin conductance response = measures minutes of sweat released

only controls showed changes in SCR when picking a deck. SCRs acted as an internal signal to avoid those decks because would increase when picking disadvantageous decks

47
Q

What is LeDoux’s theory of emotional consciousness

A

focuses on fear, sees emotions as a mix between automatic/nonconscious mechanisms for survival and the conscious experiences of fear

48
Q

distinguish between nonconscious and conscious mechanisms and the fear cognitive circuit

A

nonconscious = defensive survival circuit = initiate response that indirectly contribute to conscious fear
conscious = perceiving a scene
fear cognitive circuit is a combination

49
Q

what are the 3 crucial structures for displaying fear/conditioning to fear

A

amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC

50
Q

Why is the amygdala crucial to LeDoux

A
  1. has unconscious response neural circuits
  2. has circuits that can also be learned
    influence cortex and behaviour
51
Q

Why is the hippocampus important to LeDoux

A

involved in context which plays a key role in mapping contexts in emotions

52
Q

Why is the PFC important to LeDoux

A

PFC-amygdala circuits play a key role in the formation of thoughts about fearful stimuli

53
Q

What is the difference between Barret’s and LeDoux’s theories

A

Barret = emotions are a construction of the world
LeDoux = emotions are a reactions to the world

54
Q

What are the 6 effects of frontal lobe lesions in monkeys

A
  1. reduced social interaction
  2. loss of social status
  3. inappropriate social interaction
  4. altered social preference
  5. reduced affect
  6. reduced vocalization
55
Q

What are the 4 social-related brain networks (and explain each)

A
  1. amygdala network (triggering emotional responses and detecting relevant stimuli)
  2. mentalizing network (internal states of others)
  3. empathy network (intentions to others)
  4. mirror/stimulation/action-perception network (development of concept of self)
56
Q

Define self-face
what brain region(s) does this take place

A

unique ability to humans and apes

ability to recognize oneself

in RH, rely on medial frontal regions

57
Q

Define social working memory

A

ability to navigate the social world that requires the ability to maintain and manipulate information about other people’s beliefs, traits, and mental states

58
Q

Why don’t mental disorders result from cortical injury

A

they do show changes in behaviour, but a bad brain is worse than no brain. dysfunction brain produces mental disorders not a damaged brain

Neuro 3610 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions