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Neuro 3610 > Chapter 20: Emotion and the Social Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Emotion and the Social Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What was case J.P

A

difficult birth, problem child, only showed anger emotion, hyperactive, constantly wandered, abused by father, increasing criminal record

absent right frontal lobe, 50% left frontal lobe, still had Broca’s area so could speak

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2
Q

How is J.P’s case different them someone who received a frontal lobotomy

A

J.Ps brain developed with no frontal lobe therefore is could adapt and have plasticity compared to it being removed later

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3
Q

How was the nature of emotion originally seen compared to how we view it now

A

originally seen as inconvenient remnant of our evolutionary past

now see emotion as unconscious cognitive process that contributes to logical thinking - is necessary

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4
Q

What are the 4 components of nature of emotion

A
  1. physiological response
  2. motor response
  3. subjective response
  4. automatic response
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5
Q

What are the 2 distinct dimensions to describe emotion

A
  1. unpleasant to pleasant
  2. not aroused to aroused
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6
Q

What was Darwin’s theory about emotion

A

saw emotion as a descent with modification

was short-lived

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7
Q

Are subjective feelings uniquely human?

A

suspect yes because they are verbal in our head

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8
Q

How did William and James view emotion in animals and humans compared to the modern view

A

william and james:
animals = emotional stimulus leads to behaviour and other responses
humans = added subjective feelings to above

modern:
animals = emotional stimulus then to central emotion state to behaviour
humans = emotional stimulus to central emotion state to BOTH behaviour and subjective feelings

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9
Q

What did Goltz attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

decorticated dogs still showed strong rage responses to situations that were calm

suggesting emotional responses might not exclusively be tied to cerebral cortex, emotion is subcortical

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10
Q

What did Bard attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

worked with cats

found if hypothalamus intact then showed strong emotional responses, unemotional if diencephalon was disconnected.

showed that emotion depended on diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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11
Q

What did James Papez attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

first to identify limbic system

limbic structures act on the hypothalamus to produce emotional states

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12
Q

What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome and symptoms

A

removal of the temporal lobe bilaterally and also the amygdala.
No fear, odd diet, oral, visual agnosia, hypersexuality

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13
Q

What did Carlyle Jacobsen attribute to the historical views of emotions

A

studied chimps after frontal lobe removal

one chimp was more relaxed after surgery, Egas Moniz then proposed similar lesions in people might relieve various behavioural problems

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14
Q

What has led to empathy in humans

A

reading novels

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15
Q

What is the main challenge when looking for neural correlations of emotion

A

not sure if the behaviour is being produced because that area is gone or because the rest of the brain performs that behaviour

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16
Q

Processing Emotional Stimuli?

A
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17
Q

What structures does the modern view of the limbic system focus on compared to Papez original system

A

Papez focused on hippocampus and connections with the hypothalamus

modern view also now includes the amygdala and PFC

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18
Q

Explain the circuit of the limbic system

A

receives input to PFC
sent to cingulate cortex
then to amygdala and hippocampus
then to mamillary bodies to anterior thalamus
BACK to cingulate cortex

produces behaviour

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19
Q

What are the key structures of the limbic circuit

A

PFC, cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus (mamillary bodies)

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20
Q

Although the entire limbic circuit is important to emotional behaviour, the ____ and _____ hold the key to _______ of emotional experiences

A

PFC
amygdala
understanding the nature

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21
Q

Why is the orbitofrontal cortex considered especially important in emotion

A

learns which previously neutral stimuli are associated with positive and negative rewards

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22
Q

what are the functions of middle anterior OFC and vmPFC with emotion

A

middle anterior OFC = codes/subjective rates pleasantness
vmPFC = concerned with predicting the reward value than the pleasantness of the experience

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23
Q

Why is dopamine not in the pleasure map

A

pleasure is actually related to opioids and cannabinoids

dopamine is actually related to anticipating and wanting

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24
Q

What are the 2 general types of theories of emotion

A
  1. neuropsychological theories
  2. social-cognitive studies of emotions
25
What did goldstein suggest about the asymmetry present in the effects of left and right hemisphere lesions on emotional behaviour
LH lesions produce catastrophic reactions characterized by fear and depression RH produce indifference
26
What area is damaged if there is a reduction in facial expressions
frontal lesions
27
What area is damaged if there is a decrease/increase in spontaneous speech
decrease = left frontal lesions increase = right frontal lobe lesions
28
What area is damaged if someone's tone/prosody of speech is impaired
RH lesions
29
Define aprosodia
absence of tone in speech
30
Define motor aprosodia and what area is damaged to cause it
inability to produce affective components of language ex. people asked to read sentence with a certain emotion lesion to LH region analogous to Broca's area
31
Define sensory aprosodia and what area is damaged to cause it
deficit in interpreting emotional components of language ex. choose photo to match the tone of a recorded voice lesions to RH region analogous to Wernicke's area
32
Why is there a decline in accuracy of prosody processing related to aging (2 reasons)
1. hearing gets worse 2. in general, have variety of deficits appearing that relate to RH function (ex. getting lost)
33
What hemisphere is responsible for humour
study found, right frontal lesions most affected
34
Are all facial expressions analyzed in the same region use the amygdala as an example
NO, different areas understand different expressions amygdala lesions impair understanding negative emotions, don't impact happy emotions
35
What are some examples of behaviours attributed to temporal-lobe epilepsy patients
altered sexual interest, anger, hypergraphia (extensive writing), religiosity
36
What do social-cognitive theories of emotion focus on
noninvasive imaging
37
Most theories agree that emotion is an...
that emotion is an interface between an organism and its environment that varies with context and experience
38
What is the multicomponent emotion process model concluded by Scherer and Moores
event leads to multilevel appraisal leading to action, physiological response AND motor expression all of this gets integrated which results in categorization and labelling
39
What is Barrett's theory of constructed emotion
brain's primary purpose is to integrate all of the body's resources to meet the organisms immediate needs in short term and for growth, survival, and reproduction in the long term
40
Define allostasis
predictive process where the brain anticipates the bodies needs
41
How do homeostasis and allostasis differ
homeostasis = process where the body resists changes to variables such as pH allostasis = maintains internal stability amid constantly changing conditions
42
Explain case S.M
bilateral amygdala lesions, genetic disorder affecting chromosome I, resulted in bilateral calcification of the amygdala, other brain regions related to emotion (vmPFC, insula, hypothalamus, brainstem) remain intact showed no fear EVER basically, showed other emotions
43
Why was patient S.M able to display fear and panic when inhaling CO2
the amygdala must normally inhibit panic but CO2 likely engages structures outside the amygdala to induce fear and panic instead
44
What is Domasio's somatic marker hypothesis
when a person is confronted with a stimulus important to their survival, the brain and body changes as a result "physiological changes" = somatic marks (in this case)
45
What is the Iowa Gambling Task
measures decision making 4 decks of cards - controls soon learn that 2 decks offer high immediate reward but larger losses later and the other 2 offer smaller rewards but fewer loses vmPFC patients will choose first 2 decks
46
What is the SCR and how does it relate to the Iowa Gambling Task
skin conductance response = measures minutes of sweat released only controls showed changes in SCR when picking a deck. SCRs acted as an internal signal to avoid those decks because would increase when picking disadvantageous decks
47
What is LeDoux's theory of emotional consciousness
focuses on fear, sees emotions as a mix between automatic/nonconscious mechanisms for survival and the conscious experiences of fear
48
distinguish between nonconscious and conscious mechanisms and the fear cognitive circuit
nonconscious = defensive survival circuit = initiate response that indirectly contribute to conscious fear conscious = perceiving a scene fear cognitive circuit is a combination
49
what are the 3 crucial structures for displaying fear/conditioning to fear
amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC
50
Why is the amygdala crucial to LeDoux
1. has unconscious response neural circuits 2. has circuits that can also be learned influence cortex and behaviour
51
Why is the hippocampus important to LeDoux
involved in context which plays a key role in mapping contexts in emotions
52
Why is the PFC important to LeDoux
PFC-amygdala circuits play a key role in the formation of thoughts about fearful stimuli
53
What is the difference between Barret's and LeDoux's theories
Barret = emotions are a construction of the world LeDoux = emotions are a reactions to the world
54
What are the 6 effects of frontal lobe lesions in monkeys
1. reduced social interaction 2. loss of social status 3. inappropriate social interaction 4. altered social preference 5. reduced affect 6. reduced vocalization
55
What are the 4 social-related brain networks (and explain each)
1. amygdala network (triggering emotional responses and detecting relevant stimuli) 2. mentalizing network (internal states of others) 3. empathy network (intentions to others) 4. mirror/stimulation/action-perception network (development of concept of self)
56
Define self-face what brain region(s) does this take place
unique ability to humans and apes ability to recognize oneself in RH, rely on medial frontal regions
57
Define social working memory
ability to navigate the social world that requires the ability to maintain and manipulate information about other people's beliefs, traits, and mental states
58
Why don't mental disorders result from cortical injury
they do show changes in behaviour, but a bad brain is worse than no brain. dysfunction brain produces mental disorders not a damaged brain

Neuro 3610 (19 decks)

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