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Neuro 3610 > Chapter 15 - Temporal Lobe > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Temporal Lobe Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the temporal lobe

A

3 gyri = superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus
includes auditory and visual areas (inferotemporal cortex)
fusiform gyrus that contains FFA
parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus

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2
Q

What is the function of the superior temporal gyrus

A

auditory processing and language comprehension
includes wernickes area

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3
Q

What is the function of the middle temporal gyrus

A

semantic processing, language comprehension, and visual processing

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4
Q

What is the function of inferior temporal gyrus

A

visual object recognition
visual memory

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5
Q

What is the function of parahippocampal gyrus

A

memory encoding and retrieval, scene recognition, spatial memory

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6
Q

What is the function of the auditory cortex

A

processes auditory information
pitch and volume

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7
Q

What is the function of the fusiform gyrus

A

includes FFA
recognition of faces
object recognition
integration of visual information

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8
Q

What are the major connections of the temporal lobe

A
  1. hierarchical sensory pathway - from V1 to V2 then to temporal pole, two parallel ventral streams of visual and auditory processing
  2. dorsal auditory pathway projects auditory areas o posterior parietal cortex to detect motion
  3. both visual and auditory pathways converge in polymodal regions of STS
  4. medial temporal projection is crucial to long-term memory
  5. parallel projections from frontal lobe involved in movement, control, short term memory
  6. olfactory projections for odor and memory
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9
Q

What (in theory) does the temporal lobe do

A

Home of memory and meaning
identify (auditory and visual)
categorizes
stores info (coding, placing, finding)
affect
spatial navigation

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10
Q

What is the STS

A

superior temporal sulcus
involved in processing complex social, sensory, and perceptual information

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11
Q

What is biological motion

A

species specific movements
ex. eye, mouth, hand, body movements that can have social meanings
involved in social cognition, which is a theory of mind that allows us to develop hypotheses about other people’s intentions

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12
Q

What is STS’s role in biological motion

A

The STS analyzes biological motion
projects to amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex *because also involved in social behaviour
STS neurons respond to approaching bodies

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13
Q

What do the tanaka temporal lobe neurons show

A

he found that activating most cells in TE requires complex combination of characteristics
found that cells with similar selectivity’s cluster in columns

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14
Q

What are formants

A

have specific frequency bands that get amplified when we talk to help identify vowels

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15
Q

What is fundamental frequency

A

lowest frequency of a periodic sound wave, perceived as pitch of the voice

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16
Q

What are harmonics

A

overtones that are multiples of the fundamental frequency

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17
Q

What is the PPA in the temporal lobe

A

parahippocampal place area
specialized for identifying and remembering spatial environments, spatial memory

18
Q

What does the Hasson study on natural vision show

A

had participants watch 30 min movie
to determine how similar brain activity was for diff people watching the same film
extensive activity in all of temporal lobe both in auditory and visual
FFA was active during faces and PPA was active for scenes
people could have been thinking about anything during the film, therefore cannot imply coherence

19
Q

Are faces special

A

YES
specific neurons in inferotemporal cortex tuned to different aspects of facial recognition
FFA and STS specialize in facial recognition
faces are processed in a way unlike other visual stimuli

20
Q

What is the role of the right temporal lobe in face in face perception (for right handers)

A

right temporal lobe has greater function of facial processing
function of nonverbal memory

21
Q

What is the proposed model for face perception

A

inferior occipital gyri to both FFA and STS (biological motion)

FFA then to anterior temporal cortex (but name to the face)

STS to amygdala (emotion), intraparietal sulcus (Attention), and auditory cortex (speech)

feedback all around

22
Q

What are the two neural pathways for facial processing

A
  1. ventral face system gets invariant facial aspects while the dorsal pathway gets changeable aspects
  2. ventral system analyses general facial form while dorsal analyzes motion
23
Q

How do musical sounds vary

A

3 aspects
1. loudness
2. quality
3. pitch (position of sound on musical scale)

24
Q

How are rhythm and beat processed differently in the left and right temporal lobes

A

left temporal lobe groups sequences, related to speed
right temporal lobe responds to beat and pitch

25
Q

What is a fusiform gyrus and it’s function

A

the fusiform gyrus contains the fusiform face area which is key to facial recognition

26
Q

How is brain morphology related to music

A
  1. greater musical aptitude = more grey matter in both hemispheres and more in Broca’s area in left hemisphere
  2. for musicians, asymmetry depends on how music is coded:
    fundamental pitch L>R or harmonics R>L
27
Q

How are language and music processed in the temporal lobe

A

language = focused on left temporal lobe for structure, rule-based processing
music = right temporal lobe for pitch, melody, musical emotion, while rhythm processes in both

28
Q

Why do most us love music

A

activates brain’s reward system
system includes the nucleus accumbens, releases dopamine
when listening, our brain makes predictions about next note or pattern
when surprises in a positive way, releases dopamine

29
Q

How is brain morphology related to music

A

increased grey matter in primary motor cortex, auditory cortex, cerebellum
corpus callosum enlargement
increased white matter and connectivity
auditory cortex, heschl’s gyrus, planum temporale show increased activity and/or size

30
Q

What are the major symptoms of temporal lobe injury

A
  1. disturbance of auditory sensation and perception
  2. disorders of music perception
  3. disorders of visual perception
  4. disturbance in visual and auditory selection
  5. impaired organization and categorization of sensory input
  6. impaired perception and memory of odors
  7. inability to use contextual information
  8. impaired long-term memory
  9. altered personality and affective behaviour
  10. altered sexual behaviour
31
Q

How is auditory processing capacity tested

A

by dichotic words and melodies
tests how well the two hemisphere process different types of auditory info
auditory stimuli diff to each ear

32
Q

How is visual processing capacity tested

A

Visual object and space perception battery
object perception test to recognize and identify objects
ability to understand spatial relationships

33
Q

How is verbal memory tested

A

revised wechsler memory scale

34
Q

How is nonverbal memory tested

A

rey complex figure test
of the right temporal lobe
complex geometric pattern and they have to draw and copy the pattern
then asked to reproduce as much as they can remember

35
Q

How is language comprehension tested in the temporal lobe

A

token test
series of tests to manipulate coloured tokens based on verbal instructions

36
Q

What is the Wechsler Memory Scale

A

for general verbal-memory ability
several subtests
auditory, visual, immediate, and delayed memory
scores are derived from individual subtests to create an overall memory index

37
Q

What did Wilder Penfield discover when he electrically stimulate in temporal lobe

A

stimulation of anterior and medial temporal cortex produced feelings of fear, also obtained from stimulating amygdala
(temporal lobe epilepsy associated with personality characteristics)

38
Q

What is achilles lobe

A

area of the brain thought to be connected to religiosity and behaviours that belong to it

39
Q

What is deja vu and what causes it

A

sensation that a current experience feels familiar
temporal lobe is crucial for memory formation, may result from mismatch of sensory input and brains memory system and processes the present experience as if it were a memory
connection to temporal seizures

40
Q

What is jamais vu and what causes it

A

person experiences unfamiliarity with a situation that should be familiar
impairments of recognizing familiar stimuli due to altered memory retrieval
connection to temporal seizures

Neuro 3610 (15 decks)

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