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Neuro 3610 > Chapter 12 - Individual Differences Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Individual Differences Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions underlying variations in asymmetry

A

language processing
spatial processing
emotional processing
sensory processing
motor control
cognitive flexibility
developmental factors

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2
Q

What anatomical differences relate to handedness (if any)

A

larger motor cortical hand area in LH if right hand
male right handers have deeper fissure on LH
larger corpus callosum in left hand and both hand
neural fibers descend to dominant hand

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3
Q

What are the theories for why there is handedness

A

environmental
anatomical
hormonal
genetic

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4
Q

What is the environmental theory for handedness

A

handedness could be reinforced by social and physical environment which often favours RHers

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5
Q

What is the anatomical theory for handedness

A

focus on brain asymmetry, handedness could result from dominance of LH development

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6
Q

What is the hormonal theory for handedness

A

prenatal exposure to testosterone affects brain organization, inhibiting LH development and potentially leading to LHers

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7
Q

What is the genetic theory for handedness

A

there is no single gene identified, genetics have influence on handedness
maybe a gene that helps LH develop for speech which makes it easier to use right hand

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8
Q

What is the relationship between handedness and language localization (focus on left handers)

A

70% of LHers still have language localized in LH
15% LHers have language in RH
remaining 15% have language distributed across both

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9
Q

What are the 10 things we know about sexual differentiation

A

female = mathematical calculation, recall of story, remembering displaced objects, fine motor coordination, rapid matching on perceptual test
male = mathematical reasoning, geometric form, mentally rotating objects, target motor skills, visualizing holes punched in paper

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10
Q

What are the 6 general differences in behaviour of males and females

A

verbal ability, visuospatial analysis, mathematical ability, perception, and motor skills (6?)

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11
Q

What are some anatomical differences in the brains of females vs males

A

female = larger language areas, larger amount of grey matter, thicker cortex
male = larger amygdala and hypothalamus, larger white matter, more neurons overall, larger brain

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12
Q

What do studies of neurological patients tell us about sex differences in the brain

A

men show more asymmetrical effects when they have lesions
different patterns in brain organization, damage to left frontal is similar to men damage to left posterior
differences in how brain adapts, boys can shift language from LH to RH

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13
Q

What do imaging studies tell us about sex differences in the brain

A

females have more interhemispheric connectivity vs. males have more intrahemispheric
males show stronger connections with RH vs. females with LH

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14
Q

What is an effect size

A

process to measure how much behaviour differs between two groups
takes average scores of each group and compares to usual performance

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15
Q

How is effect size relevant to sex differences in behaviour

A

shows how meaningful differences are, tells us HOW LARGE the difference is

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16
Q

What are examples of sex differences in brain anatomy

A

wernicke’s area = men show left-right asymmetry
sylvian fissure = men larger horizontal component
corpus callosum = women have more interhemispheric
anterior commissure = women have larger
fingerprints = atypical fingerprint patterns correlates with cognitive performances

17
Q

How does the homosexual rain differ from heterosexual brain

A

different hypothalamus
ventral striatum activity, heterosexual respond to female stimuli
anterior cingulate cortex was thicker and cortical connections are different in homosexual men

18
Q

How do transgender brains differ from cisgender brains

A

central amygdala is different
unique pattern of cerebral networks mediating self-body perception

19
Q

What is the novel theory about what might be an important contributor to being transgender

A

multisense theory of gender dysphoria
gender dysphoria arises because of the differences in functional networks related to self-body perception instead of mismatch between sex and gender identity.
sense of gender is shaped by multiple brain networks
how individuals perceive their body and sense of ownership

20
Q

What are the 5 theories as to why there are sex differences

A

hormonal effects
genetic sex linkage
maturation rate
environmental factors
preferred cognitive mode

21
Q

Explain the hormonal effects theory as to why there are sex differences

A

testosterone and estrogen influence brain development and function
have affect during developmental periods and cognitive performance

22
Q

Explain the genetic sex linkage theory as to why there are sex differences

A

recessive genes on the X chromosome may influence traits like spatial ability and cognitive abilities

23
Q

Explain the maturation rate theory as to why there are sex differences

A

females typically mature faster (reading, verbal abilities) may influence cognitive abilities

24
Q

Explain the environmental factors theory as to why there are sex differences

A

social and cultural influences shape behaviour and cognitive abilities with different expectations and experiences for each gender

25
Q

Explain the preferred cognitive method theory as to why there are sex differences

A

sexes may develop different cognitive preferences which reflects both biological and environmental influences

26
Q

How does experience/environment influence cerebral asymmetry

A

language and culture = influence how the brain processes info (chinese uses more RH)
sensory deprivation = enviro deficits, congenital deafness or blindness, alter cerebral organization
environmental enrichment and deprivation = enriched environments enhance brain growth and organization

27
Q

How does SES affect the brain

A

enrichment can influence cognitive development because of increased exposure
reduced gray matter volume in PFC, hippocampus, amygdala, crucial for executive functioning

28
Q

Is there asymmetry in nonhumans? What does this imply about asymmetry in humans?

A

yes, fish when turning, monkeys with handedness, songbirds
suggests lateralization is not unique to humans
may suggest an evolutionary advantage
genetic and environmental factors play a role in shaping the brains organization

29
Q

What is the evidence that blind people can hear in the visual cortex

A

cross-modal plasticity
fMRI and PET scans show V1 and occipital lobe activation in blind people during auditory tasks
use auditory clues to localize sounds
echolocation which relies on auditory processing

Neuro 3610 (15 decks)

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