Chapter 16 Study Guide - Frontal Lobe Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of the frontal lobe
prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, premotor cortex and anterior cingulate
How do we define the prefrontal cortex
area anterior to the motor, premotor, and cingulate cortex
includes dorsolateral, ventrolateral, orbitofrontal
key role in controlling functions = planning and strategizing in emotional behaviours
What are the principal connections of the frontal lobe
???
What in theory does the frontal lobe do
in charge of executive functions
temporal organization of behaviour in space and time
Define frontal lobe location
all neocortex and connections forward of central sulcus
Contrast the theoretical organization of the premotor and prefrontal cortex
premotor = planning and coordinating, stimulus driven and prepares body for movement in response to sensory stimuli
prefrontal cortex = higher cognitive functions of decision making and planning, goal-oriented
What are the symptoms of frontal lobe damage
- Motor
- Loss of divergent thinking
- poor environmental control
- poor temporal memory
- impaired social and sexual behaviour
- damage to the face area
- impaired olfactory discrimination
2 examples of symptom of disturbance of motor function
loss of strength
loss of fine movements
2 examples of symptom of loss of divergent thinking
reduce spontaneity
poor strategy formation
2 examples of symptom of environmental control of behaviour
rule breaking
gambling
2 examples of symptom of poor temporal memory
poor working memory
poor delayed response
What is left-right asymmetrical about the functions of the frontal lobe
left frontal = task setting
right frontal = task monitoring
left orbital = loss of sex drive
right orbital = reduced inhibition
What is executive function
cognitive processes such as attention control, planning, reasoning, problem solving, etc.
involves frontal lobe orchestrating to other parts of the brain
Distinguish between cool and hot executive function
cool function = when emotionally neutral context (dlPFC)
hot function = when a situation is really important (vmPFC and OFC)
How is executive function measured
Wisconsin card sorting
tower of london
fMRI
MRI
What is recency memory (temporal memory)
memory for the order in whihc things have happened
What is working memory vs frequency memory
working memory is short term memory
frequency memory is the brain’s ability to keep track of how often certain thinks happen without CONSCIOUS effort
What is premotor cortex
located anterior to motor cortex
houses a movement repertoire and recognizes and selects movements
What is corollary discharge
signal from the frontal lobe to parietal and temporal
anticipates a motor act so that if the eyes are moving, doesn’t look like the world is moving, differentiate between the two
What is reafference
confirmation by one part of the nervous system of the activity in another
Who is Phineas Gage
steel rod through left frontal lobe including PFC
experienced personality changes and social behaviour changes prone to outbursts, impulsive, planning, reasoning, problem solving
What is pseudodepression
personality change due to FL lesion which exhibit symptoms of depression but without the underlying mood disorder
What is pseudopsychopathy
personality change due to FL lesion that show immature behaviour, lack of restraint, but not accompanied with mental or emotional psychopathology
Where is intelligence in the brain (include P-FIT network, what is it)
PFIT is a theory that explains intelligence as resulting from communication and integration of mainly the parietal and frontal lobes
intelligence arises from how well these two regions communicate
How do the brains of higher vs lower IQ people differ
cortical thickness developing late correlates with a higher IQ
What is the relationship between SES and intelligence
Lower SES = lower intelligence
correlation, not causation
What diseases seem to uniquely affect frontal lobe function
Schizophrenia - increase of dopamine in FL related to onset
Parkinsons - decrease of dopamine causes abnormalities in FL
Korsakoff - (alcoholism) caused by death of md nucleus
How are stress and drug addiction similar and different in terms of prefrontal involvement
both affect neuron size
drug = permanently alter neurons. ex. amphetamine increases growth and spine density
stress = shrink in vmPFC and grow in PFC, can recover better at younger age
What is unique about frontal lobe development
does not reach full development until mid to late 20s
What is a test for response inhibition deficit
wisconsin card sorting task
sorting cards in pile then administer changes rule to sorting
result = breaks rules, cannot change between topics
Test for verbal fluency
Word fluency test
tests persons ability to generate words under specific conditions
Left frontal lobe regions
Test for nonverbal fluency
design fluency
novel designs and patterns trying find pairs
Right frontal lobe lesion
Test to test for motor function
finger tapping test
tap button as much as they can in 10 seconds
primary motor cortex and premotor cortex
What test to test for working memory
self-ordering
8 pictures to choose from, then choose one and flip over page, choose new image in different arrangement
prefrontal cortex
What test is for testing planning
Tower of london
3 sets of pegs and coloured disks
goal to match disks to pegs
prefrontal cortex
Name 3 frontal lobe networks
- Default Network
- Salience Network
- Executive Network
What is the default network
network activated when someone is resting or when the mind is wandering
What is salience network
network active when a behavioural change is needed
What is executive network
network involved in executive control tasks
big tasks!
How was Brenda Milner a frontal lobe pioneer
connections between FL and executive functions, memory, and cognitive control
What are Brenda’s lasting impacts (6)
- plays major role in cognitive processing
- not unitary function
- differentiation of FL functions in diff regions
- complementary specialization of left and right FLs
- similarities between FL lesions in humans and non
- although functions can be dissociated, also overlap
