Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs (EXAM 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

The use of drugs to treat a disease

A

Chemotherapy

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2
Q

Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

A

Antimicrobial Drugs

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3
Q

A substance (small, organic) produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

A substance produced by a microorganism that slows growth or kills bacteria

A

​Antibiotic

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4
Q

Killing harmful microbes without damaging the host

A

Selective Toxicity

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5
Q

​Bactericidal

A

kill bacteria directly

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6
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Prevent bacteria from growing

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7
Q

An antibiotic that is effective aginst a wide range of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotic

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8
Q

Some drugs have a _____ ______ __ _______ ______, or range of different microbial types that they affe

A

​Narrow spectrum of microbial activity

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9
Q

in 1928: _____ discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium

A

Fleming

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10
Q

in 1940: ____ _____ and ____ _____ performed first clinical trials for penicillin

A

Howard Florey

Ernst Chain

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11
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Phagocytic immune cells that have “eaten” bacterial invaders

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12
Q

Top 3 killers before Antibiotics (Infectious)

A
  1. ​​​​​Pneumonia
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. ​Diarrhea
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13
Q

Top 3 killers after Antibiotics (chronic)

A
  1. Heart Disease
  2. Cancer
  3. ​Diabetes
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14
Q

5 modes of action of antibiotics

A
  1. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
  2. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
  3. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid replication
  4. Injury to Plasma Membrane
  5. Inhibition of Essential Metabolite synthesis
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15
Q

Peptidoglycan (cell wall) inhibitors

A
  • Vancomycin (inhibits gram +, can’t get through outer membrane of gram -)
  • Penicillin (B-lactam)
  • Bacitracin
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16
Q

Selectively hydrolyzes the B- lactam ring of antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin

A

Enzyme beta-lactamase

17
Q

Breaks down and inactivates Chloramphenicol

A

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)

18
Q

Neosporin contains

A
  • Polymyxin B- damages gram - outer membranes causing cell leakage
  • Bacitracin- inhibits cell wall synthesis
  • Neomycin - inhibits protein synthesis
19
Q

An agar-diffusion test to determine microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents

A

Kirby-Baur Disk-Diffusion Method

20
Q

The lowest concentration of a chemotherapeutic agent that will prevent growth of the test microorganisms

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

21
Q

_______ and ______ ______ arise to antibiotic resistant strains

A

Mutations and Natural Selection

Mutations that confer resistance arise by spontaneous mutations that are transferred vertically or by horizontal transfer of resistance genes

Antibiotics kill defenseless bacteria leaving behind (selecting) antibiotic resistant bacteria which then multiplies, passing the resistance gene on to their offspring

22
Q

5 Cellular Mechanisms used to resist antibiotics

A
  1. Decreased Cell Permeability (altered surface charges, thickened peptidoglycan, altered membrane proteins involved in transport)
  2. Antibiotic Efflux Pumps
  3. Antibiotic Degradation
  4. Antibiotic Modification
  5. Target Alteration
23
Q

Misuse of antibiotics selects for resistance mutants

A

Misuses include:

  • using outdated or weakened antibiotics
  • using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions
  • using antibiotics in animal feed
  • failing to complete the prescribed regimen
  • using someone else’s leftover prescription