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Microbiology > Ch.4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Ch.4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 chief characteristics of PROKARYOTES:

A
  1. DNA is NOT enclosed within a membrane and is usually singular circularly arranged
  2. LACK MEBRANE ORGANELLES
  3. Cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN
  4. DIVIDE BY BINARY FISSION
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2
Q

4 chief characteristics of EUKARYOTES:

A
  1. DNA is found in the cell’s nucleus within a nuclear membrane
  2. CONTAIN ORGANELLES
  3. Cell Walls if present are simple
  4. Cell division involves MITOSIS
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3
Q

List the 3 basic shapes of Bacteria

A

cocci (spherical)
bacillus (rod-shaped)
spiral

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4
Q

5 Different arrangements of Cocci include:

A
  1. DIPLOCOCCI (pairs)
  2. STREPTOCOCCI (chainlike pattern)
    3, TETRAD (groups of four)
  3. SARCINAE (cube-like)
  4. STAPHLOCOCCI ( clusters)
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5
Q

4 Different arrangement of Bacillus include:

A
  1. Single Bacilli
  2. Diplobacilli (pairs)
  3. Streptobacilli ( chains)
  4. Coccobacilli (oval and looks similar to cocci)
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6
Q

3 Different arrangement of Spiral include:

A
  1. Vibrios ( curved rods)
  2. Spirilla ( spiral, rigid bodies)
  3. Spirochetes ( corkscrew, helical and flexible)
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7
Q

Most bacteria are __________, that is they maintain a single shape

A

monomorphic

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8
Q

Bacteria’s such as Rhizobium and Corynebacterium are genetically __________, which means they can have many shapes not just one

A

Pleomorphic

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9
Q

What are the 5 Structures that all BACTERIA posses?

A 
Cytoplasm
70s ribosomes
Plasma membrane
DNA
Cell Walls
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10
Q

____________, is the general term used for substances that surround the cells. VISCOUS (sticky), gelationous and external to the cell wall. MADE INSIDE THE CELL and secreted into the cell surface. IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF BIOFILM(attachment)

A

Glycocalyx

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11
Q

________ organized and firmly attached to the cell wall. IMPORTANT IN CONTRIBUTING TO BACTERIAL VIRULENCE (phagocytosis), PROTECT FROM DEHYDRATION

A

Capsule

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12
Q

_________ ___________ _______: protects the cells within it, FACILITATES COMMUNICATION among the and enables the cells to survive by attaching to various surfaces in their environment. (biolfilm)

A

extracellular polymeric substance

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13
Q

_________; long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria . SOME PROKARYOTES HAVE IT.

A

flagella

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14
Q

6 types of distribution of Flagella on the cell:

A
  1. Atrichous (lack of)
  2. Peritrichous (everywhere)
  3. Polar (one or both end)
  4. monotrichous (only at one end)
  5. Lophotrichous ( tuft at one pole)
    6 amphitrichous ( both ends)
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15
Q

3 Basic Parts of Flagella include:

A
  1. Filament: long outermost region (globular protein flagellin)
  2. Hook, wider connect the filament
  3. Basal Body: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
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16
Q

BASAL BODY: Gram Negative vs. Gram positive

A

Gram negative:contains TWO pairs of rings. (outer/inner)

Gram positive: only the inner pair is present

17
Q

Each prokaryotic flagellum is a semirigid, helicial structure that moves the cell by…?

A

rotating from the basal body

18
Q

When a bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time the movement is called ______ or ______ and then during an abrupt change it is called _____

A

run or swim

Tumble

19
Q

_______ are usually longer than Fimbrae and number only one or two per cell. INVOLVED IN MOTILITY AND DNA TRANSFER.

A

PILLI

20
Q

________ _______: a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell then retracts

A

Twitching motility

21
Q

4 Major Functions of the Cell Wall

A
  1. Prevent bacterial cells from rupturing
  2. helps maintain the shape
  3. serves as an anchorage for the flagella
  4. contributes to the ability of some species to cause diseases
22
Q

The bacterial cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network called __________:

A

peptidoglycan

23
Q

Peptidoglycan consist of repeating dissachrides attached by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell. The dissachride portion is made up of monosaccharides called _____ and ______

A

NAG and NAM

24
Q

Adjacent rows are linked by __________, always includes tetrapeptide side chains, which consist of four amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone. Amino acids come off the NAM not NAG

A

polypeptide

25
Q

2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALL:

A
  1. Thick Peptidoglycan layer

2. Contain TECHOIC ACID (negative charge)

26
Q

4 Major Functions of Techoic Acid:

A
  1. bind and regulate the movement of cations into and out of the cell
  2. cell growth
  3. prevent extensive wall breakdown (lysis)
  4. antigenic specifity
27
Q

4 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL:

A
  1. thin layer of peptidoglycan
  2. an outer membrane and plasma membrane
  3. periplasm
  4. Consist of LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE on its outer membrane.
28
Q

Major function of Lipopolysaccharide:

A
  1. endotoxin
  2. provide stability
  3. specific antigens
29
Q

Among prokaryotes certain types of cells have no walls or have very little wall material. These include members of the genus ________. Their plasma membranes are unique among bacteria in having lipids called STEROLS, which are thought to help protect them from lysis

A

Mycoplasma

30
Q

The __________ __________, is thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

31
Q

4 Key Functions of the Cytoplasmic membrane

A

1, Permeability barrier (highly selective)

  1. Protein anchor (site of many proteins)
  2. breakdown of nutrients
  3. production of energy
32
Q

Gram-Positive cells stain _______ while Gram Negative stain _________

A

Purple

Pink

33
Q

When essential spores are depleted, certain gram-positive bacteria such as those of CLOSTRIDIUM AND BACILLUS form specializing “resting” cells called _______

A

Endospores

34
Q

The process of endospore formation within a vegetative cells takes several hours and is known as ?

A

Sporulation or Sporogenesis

35
Q

5 Steps of Sporulation

A
  1. Replicate DNA
  2. A septum forms, isolate the chromosome
  3. The larger compartment engulfs the smaller form creating a forespore
  4. Peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes. Spore coat forms
  5. The mother cell is disintegrates and the endospore is free from the cell
36
Q

Characteristics of an Endospore:

A

RESISTANT TO:
heat, UV, Chemicals, drought
Dehydrated and impermeable

37
Q

___________, the process where an endospore returns to its vegetative state. TRIGGERED by physical or chemical damage to the endospore’s coat

A

GERMINATION

Microbiology (26 decks)

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