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Microbiology > Ch.1: The Microbial World and You > Flashcards

Ch.1: The Microbial World and You Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

minute living things that individually are usually to small to be seen with the unaided eye.

A

Microorgansims

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2
Q

7 types of microorganisms are:

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archae
  • Fungi
  • Virus
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Helminths
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3
Q

Only a minority of microorganisms are _______, Disease-producing.

A

Pathogenic

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4
Q

Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names: the _____ is the first name is always capitalized and the ______ follows and is not capitalized. Both names are italicized and underlined.

A

Genus (genera) and Specific epithet (species)

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5
Q

5 Key Characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • simple-celled (unicellular) PROKARYOTES
  • enclosed in cells walls (peptidoglycan carb-protein)
  • Binary fission
  • photosynthesis
  • everywhere
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6
Q

4 Key Characteristics of Archaea

A
  • PROKARYOTIC CELLS
  • cell walls lacks peptidogylcan
  • found in extreme environments
  • Divided into three main groups
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7
Q

The three main groups of Archaea are:

A
  • methanogens: produce methane gas
  • halophiles: live in extreme salt loving environment
  • thermophiles: hot sulforous water
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8
Q

4 Key Characteristics of Fungi:

A
  • EUKARYOTIC CELLS
  • uni/multicellular. Reproduce asexually or sexually
  • cell walls composed of CHITIN
  • obtain nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material
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9
Q

5 key Characteristics of Protozoa:

A
  • UNICELLULAR EURKARYOTIC MICROBES
  • move by pseudopods, flagella, or cillia
  • live either as free entities or as parasites
  • absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment
  • some photosynthetic. Reproduce sexually/ asexually
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10
Q

3 key Characteristics of Algae:

A
  • PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES
  • both asexual/ sexual
  • cell wall contain of cellulose
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11
Q

5 Key Characteristics of Viruses:

A
  • So small can only be seen through an electric microscope
  • ACELLULAR
  • lipid membrane, core made of nucleic acid and dna/rna
  • can reproduce only bu using the cellular machinery of other organisms.
  • considered not to be living
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12
Q

Helminths are:

A
  • multicellular animal parasites.
  • not considered microorganisms but important in medical
  • EUKARYOTES
  • major groups of parasites are flatworms and round worms
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13
Q

The 3 Main Domains are:

A
  • BACTERA (cell wall that contain peptidoglycan)
  • ARCHAEA (cell walls that lack peptidoglycan)
  • EUKARYA (protist, fungi, plants, and animals)
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14
Q

The ____ ________: the theory that all living things are composed of cells. FOUNDER ROBERT HOOKE.

A

Cell Theory

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15
Q

______ ____ _________ was the first person to actually observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscropes he constructed. He called them “animalcules”

A

Anton Van Leeuvenhoek

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16
Q

__________ __________: many scientist and philosophers believed that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter,

A

Spontaneous generation

17
Q

_________: the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells, FOUNDER RUDOLF VIRCHOW

A

Biogenesis

18
Q

Importance of Louis Pasteur’s work consisted of :

A
  • PROOF THAT MICROORGANISMS ARE PRESENT IN THE AIR AND CAN CONTAMINATE STERILE SOLUTIONS
  • proof that microOG can be present in nonliving matter
  • creation of ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
19
Q

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE:

A

Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms. STANDARD PRACTICE

20
Q

__________: use to make wine and beer

A

Fermentation

21
Q

__________: heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria

A

Pasteurization

22
Q

____ ______ _______: Microorganisms might cause disease.

A

Germ theory disease

23
Q

Importance of LISTER

A

-applied the GTD to medical procedures. PHENOL (carbonic acid) kills bacteria. so he began treating surgical wounds with solution. REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF INFECTIONS AND DEATH

24
Q

Importance of KOCH

A
  • Anthrax (sheep) ISOLATED BACTERIA, KOCH POSTULATES.
25
Q

KOCH POSTULATES ARE:

A

sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

26
Q

Importance of Edward Jenner:

A
  • cowpox blisters innocolate into 8 year old boy. became midly sick but never contracted small pox. VACCINATION, used a viral living agent to produce immunity
27
Q

________: treatment of disease by using chemical substances

A

Chemotheraphy

28
Q

Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms.

A

antibiotics

29
Q

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

synthethic drugs

30
Q

_____ _______: founded salvarsan, an arsenic derivative effective against syphillis

A

Paul Ehrlich

31
Q

______ ________: discovered the first antibiotics by accident.PENICILLIN

A

Alexander Fleming

32
Q

2 Major problems of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs:

A
  1. Many antimicrobrial chemicals are TOO TOXIC, kill the pathogens yet also damage the infected host
  2. EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF NEW STRAINS of microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics
33
Q

__________: the study of bacteria, began with VAN Leeuwenhoek’s first examination of tooth scraping

A

bacteriology

34
Q

Study of fungi, includes medical, agricultural and ecological branches

A

MYCOLOGY

35
Q

the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

A

PARASITOLOGY

36
Q

________: the study of all of organisms gene have allowed scientist to classify bacteria, fungi according to their genetic relationship with other bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

A

Genomies

37
Q

The study of immunity

A

immunology

38
Q

the study of viruses, WENDEL STANLEY demonstrated that the organisms called TMV was fundamentally different from other microbes. The study of viral structure and chemistry

A

Virology

Microbiology (26 decks)

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