Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards
Infant mortality rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society
Life expectancy
The average number of years in individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live
Demographic transition model (DTM)
Is based on historical population trends of birth rate and death rate to suggest that a country total population growth rate cycles through stages as the country develops economically
Population pyramid
Are graph that represents this distribution of population by age and sex
Zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
Ecumene
The inhabited world
Overpopulation
When a place doesn’t have enough resources to support life at a decent standard of living
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage of growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population while assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years
Zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
Infant mortality rate
The total number of deaths in a year of infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live given the current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Life expectancy at birth
The average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live
Demographic Transition Model (DMT)
Based on historical population trends of birth rate and death rate to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically
Population pyramid
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex
Dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the work force
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
Stage 1 of the DTM
High birth rates, high death rates. Agricultural, undeveloped. “old world” traditions. Ex: Somalia, Chad
Stage 2 of the DTM
High birth rates, lowering death rates.
Some kind of improvement in medicine, nutrition, water, or sanitation to keep people alive longer.
Countries beginning to develop.
Ex: Afghanistan, India in 1970
Stage 3 of the DTM
Developing countries.
Death rate going even further down, birth rate peaks and the begins to fall.
Women begin to work because of industrialization and have less kids.
Less kids in late stage 3, many at the beginning of stage 3
Ex: Brazil is early stage 3, Mexico is late stage 3
Stage 4 of the DTM
Steady birth and death rates.
Good health care and education.
In early stage 4 the population is still growing, stops growing at late stage 4.
Ex: US & Canada
Stage 5 (????) of the DTM
Birth rates low, death rates may go up a bit due to viruses evolving/ adapting to our medicines.
Ex: Germany, Poland, Russia, Japan
Thomas Malthus
He argues that the rate of the world’s population increase is outrunning the development of food sources. However, he made these conclusions while England was in stage 2, which is when the population grows the most rapidly.
Epidemiological transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemiology
The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that effect everyone in a population during a small period of time and are produced by a cause that’s not usually a problem
Pandemic
A disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
