Chapter 2 - Cellular Reaction to Injury Flashcards
Causes of Cellular Changes (There is 6)
- Oxygen Deprivation,
- Nutritional Deficiencies,
- Chemical Agents,
- Autoimmmune Diseases,
- Genetic Defects,
- Aging Process
Actual Cellular Changes (9)
- Cellular Swelling,
- Degeneration,
- Infiltration,
- Necrosis
- Atrophy,
- Hypertrophy,
- Hyperplasia,
- Regeneration,
- Somatic Death
Regressive Cellular Change
Cell and tissue changes that result in necrosis and tissue dissolution if the changes continue and are not arrested
Cellular Swelling
Increase in cell water content due to cell injury that allows intra-cellular sodium to rise
Pallor
Loss of Color
Turgor
Cells become distended and also become more rigid
Degeneration
The deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease resulting in appearance of substances within cells.
Fatty degeneration
Deposit of abnormal amounts of fat in cells
Amyloid Degeneration
Deposits of a (starch like protein) giving tissues WAXY, TRANSLUCENT hyaline, appearance
Colloid Degeneration
JELLY-LIKE appearance of tissues; The cause is because of a lung-dust disease by inhalation of coal
Infiltration
The process of SEEPAGE or DIFFUSION into tissue of substances that are not ordinarily present
Fatty Infiltration
Deposit of fat in tissues
Pigmentation
Coloration caused by deposit, or lack,of colored material in the tissues
Exogenous
Pigment transmitted from outside the body
Endogenous
Pigment present in the body
Carotenemia
Carotene in blood
Plumbism
Due to lead poisoning
Calcification
Calcium deposits in tissue usually surrounded by bacteria, necrotic cells, mucous, or other foreign materials
Renaliths
Kidney Stones
Vesical Calculi
Bladder stones
Fecaliths
Calcium deposits in intestines or appendix
Rhinoliths
Calcium deposits in nose
Choleliths
Calcium deposits in gallstones
Pneumoliths
Calcium deposits in the lungs
Arteriosclerosis
Calcium deposits in the arteries
Lithopedion
Calcified fetus, usually in the fallopian tubes
Gout
Primary chronic metabolic disorder associated with elevated blood uric acid levels
Cellular Death
Cell degeneration that can lead to cell and tissue death without replacement
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Necrosis
Cell death caused by disease
Coagulative Necrosis Tissue
Degeneration of proteins; tissue becomes dry, firm, form yellowish mass; Occurs due to ischemia
Caseous Necrotic Tissue
Result of certain infections such as tuberculosis; Cream; white “cheesy” appearance
Liquefactive Tissue
Necrotic tissue softens, becomes wet
Dry Ischemic Tissue, and how does it look while in that phase?
Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply. Dry firm and black appearance
Gangrene
Necrosis of tissue, usually resulting from deficient or absent blood supply; most common
Dry Gangrene
Obstruction of ARTERIAL blood flow; Tissue is shrunken, dark black; Diabetic patients normally carry this
Wet Gangrene
Results from inadequate VENOUS drainage; Usually in extremities or areas of bedsores
Etiology
Infection, Insufficient blood supply
Atrophy
The size of an organ or tissue shrinking
Hypertrophy
The enlargement of an organ or part due to the INCREASE in SIZE OF CELLS composing it
Hyperplasia
The increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive but regulated increase in the NUMBER OF CELLS
Aplasia
An absence of cells that lead to incomplete formation of limbs or organs
Antagonism
Mutual opposition or contrary action, the inhibition of one bacterium by another
Antibody
Glycoprotein substances developed in response to and interacting specifically with antigen
Antigen
Stimulates the formation of antibodies that interact specifically with it
Antisepsis
Preventing or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microoganisms
Attenuation
Dilution of weakening of the virulence of a microorganism, reducing or abolishing its pathogenicity
Arteriosclerosis
Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and the loss of elasticity
Ascites
Accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
Asphyxia
The inability to take in necessary amounts of oxygen
Atrophy
A wasting, decrease in size of an organ or tissue
Autotrophic Bacteria
Bacteria capable of growing itself
Bacillus
Any rod-shaped organism
Algor Mortis
Cooling of the body ; Reaches this temp 24 hours after death
Livor Mortis
Accumulation of blood in organs postmortem; pools on the body because the heart isnt working.
Putrefaction
Decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms. Autolysis of dead tissue and bacterial growth. Begins in abdomen to the brain
Somatic Death
Cessation of vital activities of the body resulting in cell degeneration, necrosis, atrophy
Hyperplasia
The increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive but regulated increase in the number of cells
Anoxia
Deficient blood oxygen supplies to tissues
Means enzyme
Ase
Ante
Means before
Anti
Means against
Arteritis
Inflammation, usually of a chronic progressive character
Avulsion
A tearing away
What are the side effects of Gout?
Uric acid levels rise in kidneys, ears and eyelids
What does Causeous Necrotic Tissue look like?
Creamy cheese appearance white
What is Amyloid?
A starch-like protein.
Saprogenic
Feeds on dead organisms
Crepitation
Stretching of the tissue due to gas production by the bacteria
Sepsis
Whole-body inflammatory state caused by infection
Physiological Hypertrophy body reaction
Normal adaptation to increased functional demand. Enlargement of breasts
Pathological Hypertrophy Body Reaction
Heart size increases
Compensatory Hypertrophy Body Reaction
Absence of a disease, increase in size of organ or tissue
What does Prostate BPH mean?
Benign prostate hyperplasia or hypertrophy
What is Metaplasia?
Replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there.
Regeneration
The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
Somatic Changes
Are changes that pertain to the whole body
Cadaveric Changes
Changes seen after somatic death
Algor Mortis
Cooling of the body; 24 hours after death
Livor Mortis
Accumulation of blood in the organs
Progeria
Body ages incredibly fast, but is only a child
What is Mucoid Degeneration?
Cells in some tumors swell and develop into “jelly-like masses”
2nd Definition for Degeneration??
Regressive tissue changes
INTRAcellular
Within a cell or cells
INTERcellular
Among the cell spaces
Caseation meaning??
Cells in some tumors swell and develop into “jelly- like” masses
Plumbism
Lead pigments caused by lead poisoning
What are particulate pigments?
Asbestosis, silicosis, anthracosis, pneumocosis
What is Hereditary Metabolic Disorder?
Accumulation of uric acid and uric acid salts in joints, kidneys, external ears and eyelids; Gout
Pathologic meaning?
Caused by, altered by or manifesting a disease
What does “Low Oxygen” stand for?
Hypoxia
