Chapter 2 Flashcards
The energy we derive from food is stored in cells in the form of what
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Nutrients from good are the substrates for metabolism and are provided and stored as what
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
What serves as the immediate source of energy for most body functions including muscle contraction
ATP
During intense short duration muscular effort, the body relies mostly on what to generate ATP
Carbs
Longer, less intense exercise utilizes what to sustain energy production
Carbs and fat
All dietary carbohydrate is ultimately converted to what
Glucose
Glucose is taken up by muscle and liver and converted and stored as the complex sugar molecule called
Glycogen
Glycogen is converted back to glucose as needed and transported by the blood to the muscle to form
ATP
Fat provides substantial energy during prolonged, _____ ________ activity
Low intensity
Fat is stored as _______ and must be broken down to ______ to be used in metabolism
Triglycerides
Free fatty acids
More energy is derived from breaking down _____ compared to ______
Fat
Carbs
What can be used as a minor source of energy
Protein
Proteins can generate FFAs during starvation through what
Lipogenesis
Protein only supplies what percent of our energy during prolonged exercise
5-10%
Proteins must be broken down to their basic units—-________ to be used for energy
Amino acids
ATP is generated through what three energy systems
ATP-PCr system
Glycolytic system
Oxidative system
The release of ATP and PCr is facilitated by the enzyme _________
Creatine kinase
Does the ATP-PCr system require oxygen
No
ATP and PCr sustain the muscles energy needs for. How many seconds during an all out sprint
3-15
In the ATP-PCr system energy yields ___ moles of ATP per ___ mole of PCr
1
1
Does The Glycolytic system require oxygen
No
1 mole of glycogen produces ___ moles of ATP; 1 mole of glucose produces ___ moles of ATP
3
2
ATP-PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for how many minutes of all out activity
2
The oxidative system uses ____ to generate energy
O2
Oxidative production of ATP occurs in the what
Mitochondria
The oxidative system produces much more energy production than the other systems. T or F
True
Oxidative system is _____ to turn on
Slow
What system is the primary method of energy production during endurance events
Oxidative system
Which system includes the kreb cycle and ETC
Oxidative system
In the presence of O2, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to ________
AcetylCoa
AcetylCoa enters ________ and forms ___ ATP, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
Kreb cycle
2
The ETC (electron transport chain) produces _____ ions which are recombined with oxygen to produce _____
Hydrogen
Water
Electrons produced provide the energy for the conversion of _____ to _____
ADP
ATP
One molecule of glycogen can generate up to ______ molecules of ATP
37-39
What is the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids
Lipolysis
Hormones are secreted directly into the blood and act as chemical signals to what kind of cells
Target cells
What are the two types of hormones
Steroid and nonsteroid
Steroid hormones are formed from what
Cholesterol
Why kind of hormone diffuses easily across the cell membrane
Steroid hormone
Cortisol , estrogen and testosterone are examples of what kind of hormone
Steroid hormone
What kind of hormone is protein/ amino derived and is not soluble?
Nonsteroid hormone
Thyroxine and epinephrine are examples of what kind of hormone
Nonsteroid hormone
What is the breakdown of glucose
Glycolysis
What is the process by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose to be stored in the liver or muscle
Glycogenesis
What is the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose 1 phosphate to be used for energy production
Glycogenolysis
What is the making of glucose from a non CHO source
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis is hormonal lay controlled during exercise by:
Decreased:?
Increased:?
Decreased: insulin
Increased: epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Fluid balance during exercise is critical for what three things
Optimal metabolic function
Cardiovascular function
Thermoregulatory function
What system plays a major role in monitoring fluid levels and correcting imbalances
Endocrine system
ADH releases from where?
Posterior pituitary
ADH promotes _____ retention in the kidney in an effort to dilute plasma electrolyte concentration bak to normal
Water
Aldosterone in produced in the ______ glands
Adrenal
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by what?
Plasma sodium
Blood volume
Blood pressure
Plasma potassium concentration
Aldosterone promotes renal reabsorption of ______, causing the body to retain sodium
Sodium
The kidneys strongly influence the maintenance of plasma volume and blood pressure regulation through the release of what
Renin
