Chapter 2 Flashcards
EXPLAIN
Who did the Psychosexual Theory and what is the theory behind it?
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud
The Psychosexual theory believes that there is a conflict between our natural instincts and the societal norms for behaviour
Focus on sexual and agression drives
EXPLAIN
What are the 3 components of Freuds Personality Theory?
ID: Innate drives
Ego: Our conscious rationale, how we typically behave
Superego: Our personal moral standards
EXPLAIN
What are the 5 stages of the psychosexual development theory?
Sigmund Freud
- Oral (Birth to 1yrs)
- Anal (1 to 3 yrs)
- Phallic (3 to 6 yrs)
- Latency (6 to 11 yrs)
- Genital (12 yrs onward)
EXPLAIN
What is the concept of Fixation in the psychosexual development theory?
Relates to the 5 stages
People may get stuck, or fixate on certain stages due to unresolved issues that occured during that stage of development
EXPLAIN
What was Erik Erikson’s theory of deveopment?
The Psychosocial development theory
EXPLAIN
What does the psychosocial development theory imply?
Similar to the psycosexual theory, focusing more on social and cultural influences throughout development
WHO, WHERE, WHY?
Who developed the Behaviourism theory?
John B. Watson
EXPLAIN
What does Behaviourism focus on?
Believes that only observable behaviours should be analyzed; strong emphasis on continuous development and environmental influences
Little Albert Study
EXPLAIN
What is B.F Skinners theory of Learning?
Radical Behaviourism
Also known as operant conditioning
EXPLAIN
What does the use of operant conditioning involve?
Uses reinforcers and punishers in order to encourage or discourage the target behaviour(s)
DEFINE
What is Observational Learning?
A theory that discusses the benefit of learning through obsevation and modelling of the desired habit instead of depending on reinforcements
The Bobo experiment
DEFINE
Reciprocal Determinism
Behaviour is determined by both the internal stimulus of the child, and the external stimulus of the enviroment
EXPLAIN
What are Schemes?
Schemes are an organized pattern of thought that a person uses to adapt and navigate experiences
LIST
What are the 2 uses of schemes?
Assimilation: Use of an existing scheme to navigate a new experience
Accommodation: Modifying an existing scheme to incorporate new experiences
EXPLAIN
What are the stages of Piaget’s Cognitive development theory?
- Sensorimotor (Birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years)
- Formal Operations (11 years and onward)
EXPLAIN
What does each stage of the Cognitive Development theory represent?
- Exploration using sensory input
- Usage of symbols to protray messages
- Logical Thought
- Abstract Thought
EXPLAIN
How did Lawrence Kohlberg adapt Piagets cognitive-developmental approach?
Kohlberg adapted Piaget’s theory in order to apply it to the development of our morals
LIST
What are the stages of moral development theory?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
EXPLAIN
What does the preconventional level focus on?
Self interest and seeking out reward/Avoiding punishment
EXPLAIN
What does the Conventional Stage focus on?
Societal outlines; laws, rules, expectations
EXPLAIN
What does the Postconvetional level focus on?
Abstract principles and ethical reasoning skills
TRUE OR FALSE
All adults reach the postconventional level of moral development
FALSE; Most people are expected to stop within the conventional stage
WHO, WHY, WHERE?
Who came up with the sociocultural perspective?
Lev Vygotsky
DEFINE
Zone of Proximal Development
A range of tasks that are to complex to be mastered alone, but can be accomplished with accompanying guidance and/or encouragement
EXPLAIN
What is John Bowlby’s Attachment theory?
Discusses the concept of preprogrammed behaviours in children, like adaptive behaviours in infants that ensure meets are met
EXPLAIN
What is the difference between Critical and Sensitive periods in the attachment theory?
The sensitive period is the first 4 years of a child’s life where their life experiences are expected to shape their neural connectons, while Critical periods is the first 2 years where certain experiences, or lack there of, can result in permenant changes to the brain
DEFINE
Ethology
discussees evolution
The emphasis of the bioevolutionary basis of behaviour
EXPLAIN
What does Urie Bronfenbrenner’s econological systems theory outline?
A characterization of 5 different enviroments that influence our development
LIST
List the 4 systems in the ecological system, providing an example for each
In order from broadest to most specific
- Macrosystem: Overarching ideology of the country and/or culture
- Exosystem:: Settings that affect the child, but they are not directly involved in
- Mesosystem: Connections among the child’ immediate settings
- Microsystem: The relationship between themself and their surroundings
