Chapter 12 Flashcards
LIST + DEFINE
Primary Emotions
list emotions and when they emerge
At Birth: Interest, disgust, distress, contentment
2-7 months: Anger, Sadness, joy, surprise, fear
DEFINE
Complex emotions
Emotions formed in the second year of life, and relate to self-evaluation
Embarrassment, Shame, Guilt, Envy, Pride
DEFINE
Emotional display rules
Culturally defined rules specifying which emotions should and should not be expressed in which circumstances
DEFINE
Emotional Self-Regulation
Strategies for managing emotions or adjusting emotional arousal to an appropriate level
Harder for males
DEFINE
Social Referencing
The use of others in social situations to determine the appropriate response/emotions
EXPLAIN
At what age do kids begin to develop the ability to recognize and interpret emotional experiences?
3.5 years
EXPLAIN
At what age can kids infer another persons emotions from body language?
4/5 years old
DEFINE
Temperament
Characteristic modes of response to enviromental events
LIST
What are some features of temperant?
- Fearful distress: Withdrawal in novel experiences
- Irritable distress: Frustration
- Positive affect: Positive emotions, willingness to approach others
- Activity level
- Attention span
- Rhythmicity: Regularity of body functions
EXPLAIN
Is there any heritability factor to temperament?
Yes, twin studies show moderate correlation
DEFINE
Behavioural inhibition
The tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar situations or people
LIST
What are the 3 Thomas and Chess temperament profiles?
- Easy (62%)
- Slow-to-Warm-Up (23%)
- Difficult (15%)
percentage is distribution across original study
LIST
What traits are associated with the ‘easy’ temperament profile?
- Positive mood
- regular habits
- adaptable
LIST
What traits are associated with the ‘Slow to Warm Up’ temperament profile?
- Moody
- Inactive
- Slow but eventual adapting to new stimulus
LIST
What traits are associated with the ‘Difficult’ temperament profile?
- Active
- Irritable
- Negative reaction to new stimuli
EXPLAIN
What is the Goodness-of-Fit model?
The idea that development can be optimized when parenting style is adapted to fit the child’s tempermental characteristics
DEFINE
Interactional Synchrony
the coordinated mirroring and timing of behaviors, emotions, and actions between two individuals
important in formation of attachment between parent and baby
LIST
What are the 4 phases of infant attachment development?
- Asocial (B-6 weeks): Responds equally to social and non-social stimuli
- Indiscriminate (6w to 7 months): Preference for social stimuli
- Specific (7 to 9 months): Forms attachment to specific individual
- Multiple (occurs by 18 months): Use of caregiver as safety to explore their surroundings
EXPLAIN
Feeding Hypothesis
The theory that food acted as the primary reinforcer of bonding, with the caregiver being a secondary reinforcer
Disproved by Harlow and Zimmerman
EXPLAIN
How was the feeding hypothesis tested by Harlow and Zimmerman?
Monkeys were fed either by cloth mother or by wire mother.
All monkeys went to cloth mother for comfort even if they were not fed by her
Contant comfort > Feeding
LIST
What are the 4 attachment styles?
- Secure (65%)
- Avoidant (20%)
- Resistant (10%)
- Disorganized (5-10%)
EXPLAIN
Secure Attachment style
- Comfortable exploring around parent
- Upset when parent leaves
- Happy upon parent’s return
- Seeks parent for comfort
- Friendly with strangers in presence of parent
EXPLAIN
Avoidant Attachment Style
- Limited distress when parent leaves
- Indifferent to parent’s presence
- May be social or ignore strangers
EXPLAIN
Disorganized Attachment Styles
- May both avoid and approach parent
- May seem dazed or freeze
EXPLAIN
Resistant Attachment Style
- Stays close to parent; limited exploring
- Upset when parent leaves
- mixed feeling upon parent’s return
- Wary of strangers
EXPLAIN
What is the caregiver hypothesis?
A hypothesis that a infants attachment style is the result of how the caregiver
EXPLAIN
According to the caregiver hypthosis, what does each attachment style stem from?
Secure: Sensitive caregiving
Resistant: Inconsistent caregiving
Avoidant: Cold and overstimulating caregiving
Disorganized: Abusive caregiving
EXPLAIN
What is the temperament hypothesis?
A theory that says that attachment reflects differences in temperaments rather than the quality of their attachment
Not supported
EXPLAIN
Integrative theory
Quality of caregiving determines secure/insecure, but temperament determines the type of insecurity
